ECOSYSTEM

ECOLOGY
(from the Greek oikos meaning "house" or "dwelling", and logos meaning"discourse") is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment. Ecology entails consideration of biotic factors (other organisms that include prey, predators, parasites, etc) and abiotic factors (such as temperature, light, and water).

ENVIRONMENT : Made up of all the living and nonliving things that surround an organism. Many species can survive in more than one environment. But each species has its home or habitat.
Ex : Fish may be able to live in fish tanks, but would rather live in the wild

 HABITAT : is the place where organisms lives The habitat must supply the needs of organisms, such as food, water, temperature, oxygen, and minerals. EXAMPLE : - habitat of lotus is water - earthworm lives in moist soil

HABITAT

Living organism components in ecosystem

1. INDIVIDUAL or ORGANISM : one living organism or individual organism of a single species example : - A human - A goose - A dog

2. POPULATION
2. A POPULATION :
all the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area

example :
1. Sheep population 2. Cats population Note: A species is a group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce

3. COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY :

All the populations found in a particular area

A community consists of all the various populations interacting at a locale

Example : All populations in coral reef ( algae, crustaceans, fishes) make up coral reef community

Organism population - community

4. ECOSYSTEM
Ecosystem : a community and its physical environment, including both non living (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

5.

BIOME

Biome is : a major ecological community of organisms adapted to a particular climatic or environmental condition on a large geographic area in which they occur. Biomes may be classified into: a. Terrestrial biomes or land biomes - e.g. tundra, taiga, grasslands, savannas, deserts, tropical forests, etc. b. Freshwater biomes - e.g. large lakes, polar freshwaters, tropical coastal rivers, river deltas, etc. c. Marine biomes - e.g. continental shelf, tropical coral, kelp forest, benthic zone, pelagic zone, etc

BIOMES

TAIGA

TUNDRA

SAVANNA

 Biomes themselves are very large habitats. However, inside of each biome there are smaller habitats called microhabitats.

Biomes and Biosphere

The plants and animals of earth live in an area called the biosphere. The biosphere is huge and is full of life! One of the ways that ecologists divide the biosphere for study is by using biomes.

A biome is a large geographical area that has a specific climate and contains some very particular plants and animals. Some major biomes of the world include: desert, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, tundra, savannah, and taiga.

6. BIOSPHERE
Biosphere: the part of the Earths covering where life is possible; it extends from the floor of the oceans to the summit of the highest mountains.

Level ecological organization

Level Ecological Organization

Fill the blanks using the appropriate terms below. Community, ecosystem(s), habitat(s) or population(s)

1. A mangrove swamp . contains mud, sea

and tree . 2. The sea is . for fish and whales 3. A cat has a of fleas in its fur. 4. Mudskippers are member of the predator .. that feed upon the of small crabs in the mangrove swamp mud, reducing their numbers. 5. The worm of the Pulau Seribu mangrove swamp mud are eaten by a of wading birds including plovers, greenshanks and redshanks

VARIETY OF ECOSYSTEM

Based on forming process: 1. NATURE ECOSYSTEM 2. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM

1. NATURE ECOSYSTEM
Nature ecosystem: ECOSYSTEM IS MADE BY NATURE examples : - lake ecosystem - marine ecosystem - desert ecosystem

Marine ecosystem

CORAL REEF IN HAWAII IS A COMPLEX MARINE ECOSYSTEM

2.

ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM

Ecosystem which is made by human

example: - aquarium - garden

Artificial ecosystem

Freshwater aquarium

Sea water aquarium

ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS
BIOTIC FACTORS: Human, plant, animal, fungi ABIOTIC FACTORS water, air, humidity, light

BIOTIC vs ABIOTIC
Biotic, meaning of or related to life, are living factors. Plants, animals, fungi, protist and bacteria are all biotic or living factors. Abiotic, meaning not alive, are nonliving factors that affect living organisms. Environmental factors such habitat (pond, lake, ocean, desert, mountain) or weather such as temperature, cloud cover, rain, snow, hurricanes, etc. are abiotic factors.

 A factor created by a living thing or any living component within an environment Example: plant,human animal, predator, prey

A. BIOTIC FACTOR

BASED ON THE ROLE

1. PRODUCER : Living organisms which can produce their own food by photosynthesis Most producers are photosynthetic and make carbohydrates by using energy from the sun. Example: green plants

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Is the process in which light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is transformed into chemical energy Reaction: light

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

chlorophyll l

2. CONSUMER
Consumers : organism which obtain energy by eating other organisms and include herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, detritivores, and decomposers. PRIMARY CONSUMER An animal that eats grass and other green plants in a food chain (HERBIVORA) SECONDARY CONSUMER An animal that feeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a food chain (KARNIVORA) TERTIARY CONSUMER An animal that feeds on secondary consumers in a food chain. TOP CONSUMER

CONSUMER

3. DECOMPOSER
Is an organism that gets its food energy from dead parts of other organisms
example : - bacterium - fungus
Bacteria as decomposer

DETRITIVORE
a member of a class of consumers that derives its energy from organic wastes matter and dead organisms
example : - earthworm
The principal difference between detritivores and decomposers is that the detritivores are relatively complex organisms, such as earthworms or maggots.

2. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
Any of the nonliving factors that make up the abiotic environment in which living organisms occur example : - water, soil, air, light, sun, temperature, atmosphere, humidity

AUTOTROPH ORGANISM
An organism which produces its own food by photosynthesis
Example: Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria

HETEROTROPH ORGANISM
An organism which acquires its energy by consuming either other organisms or the non essential castoffs of other organisms. Example: animal, human, heterotroph plant, fungi.

ANIMAL
HERBIVORE an animal which eats producers. CARNIVORE an animal that eats meat. They may be predators. OMNIVORE an animal that eats both animal and plant

Examples :
HERBIVORE cow, goat, buffalo, rabbit, deer, koala CARNIVORE lion, tiger, dog, hawk OMNIVORE pig, rat, hen

HETEROTROPH PLANT
Plant that fulfills its food by taking nutrient from the other living organism (as parasite)
example :

TALI PUTRI

FUNGI
Fungi cant produce their own food because they dont have chlorophyll. Fungi take the nutrient from dead organisms

BIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECTING ABIOTIC COMPONENT

Examples:

1.Earthworm can increase soil fertility. 2.Human throw garbage into the river. 3.Green plants produce oxygen.

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECT BIOTIC COMPONENTS

1.Fish need water as its habitat. 2.Green plant need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis 3.Human need oxygen for breathing

INTERDEPENDENCES BETWEEN BIOTIC COMPONENTS

Bee help flower fertilization Cow need grass as its food.

INTERDEPENDENCES BETWEEN PRODUCER, CONSUMER AND DECOMPOSER

FOOD CHAIN
Diagram that show a single path of energy flow in an ecosystem Example: plant grasshopper frog snake hawk

FOOD CHAIN

FOOD WEB
A system of food chains that are linked with one another. In a food web a particular organism may feed at more than one trophic level
Note: Trophic level is the position that an organism occupies in a food chain

FOOD WEB

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
We can compare the trophic levels in food chain using ecological pyramid.
Type of pyramid: a. Pyramid of numbers b. Pyramid of biomass c. Pyramid of energy

The differences between a pyramid of biomass and energy

Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of energy

Related to the biomass of organisms Constructed based on the biomass at any given time Does not consider rate of reproduction of organisms

Related to the energy content of organism Constructed based on energy content over a period of time Takes into consideration the rate of reproduction of organisms

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Level Level ecological ecological organization organization

Organism

 Decomposer : an organism, often a bacterium or fungus, that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, thus making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem.