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Particles
Edexcel IGCSE Physics pages 226 to 231
March 5th 2013
Edexcel Specification
Section 7: Radioactivity and particles c) Particles describe the results of Geiger and Marsdens experiments with gold foil and alpha particles describe Rutherfords nuclear model of the atom and how it accounts for the results of Geiger and Marsdens experiment and understand the factors (charge and speed) which affect the deflection of alpha particles by a nucleus understand that a nucleus of U-235 can be split (the process of fission) by collision with a neutron, and that this process releases energy in the form of kinetic energy of the fission products understand that the fission of U-235 produces two daughter nuclei and a small number of neutrons understand that a chain reaction can be set up if the neutrons produced by one fission strike other U-235 nuclei understand the role played by the control rods and moderator when the fission process is used as an energy source to generate electricity.
The results from this experiment would show that the plum pudding of the atom was incorrect.
The experiment
lead container containing an alpha source very thin gold foil
The apparatus is contained in an evacuated container otherwise the alpha particles would not be able to reach the gold foil and the zinc sulphide coating. The alpha particles cause the zinc sulphide detector to emit a flash of light. Geiger and Marsden noted the distribution of the angles of deflection, of the alpha particles.
vacuum
1. Virtually all of the alpha particles went straight through the metal foil. 2. A few alpha particles were deflected through a small angle.
3. Backwards deflections occur when the alpha particles make near head on collisions with a positively charged nucleus.
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus. The process of nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 by Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann.
Fissile materials
A fissile material easily undergoes fission. The mostly commonly used fissile material is uranium-235.
When this undergoes fission two daughter nuclei are produced that are called fission fragments. The process also produces neutrons, gamma radiation and a considerable amount of kinetic energy.
235 92 236 92
U +
1
0
n
89 36
236 92
U
1 0 0 0
144
56
Ba +
Kr + 3 n +
236
134
92
54
Xe +
90
38
Sr + 2 n +
0 0
239
137
94
Pu
55
Cs +
89
39
+3 n +
0 0
236 92
143
55
Cs +
91
B 37 C 92 D 38
A Rb + 2 n+ Rubidium
1 0
0 0
239 94
E 235
145
Pu
U
56 131 53 F
Ba +
I
Iodine
Sr + 2 n +
0 1 0 0 0 0
92
91 39
+3 n +
This last example combines the uranium-235 neutron absorption with the fission of uranium-236
Chain reaction
The fission of a nucleus of Uranium-235 can be initiated by a slow-moving neutron. When this nucleus splits further neutrons are produced. These neutrons in turn can cause more nuclei to split.
Structure of a reactor
4. Coolant This can be water, carbon dioxide gas or liquid sodium. This transfers the thermal energy of the fuel rods to the heat exchanger.
5. Heat exchanger Here water is converted into high pressure steam using the heat energy of the coolant. 6. Concrete shield This absorbs the radiation coming from the nuclear reactor.
reactor underneath water coolant
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion is the joining of two atomic nuclei to form a larger one.
Online Simulations
Nuclear Fission - PhET - Start a chain reaction, or introduce non-radioactive isotopes to prevent one. Control energy production in a nuclear reactor! Nuclear Fission - Powerpoint presentation by Richard Miller of 5SJW (2005) Nuclear Fission - Powerpoint presentation that includes a link to the 'mousetrap' demonstration Power Station Animation - eChalk Managing a Nuclear Power Plant Simulation - by Henrik Eriksson BBC AQA GCSE Bitesize Revision: Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion
Particles
Notes questions from pages 226 to 231
1. 2. 3. 4. Describe Geiger and Marsdens alpha particle experiment (see pages 227 and 228). Explain how the alpha particle experiment supports Rutherfords nuclear model of the atom (see pages 227 and 228). What is meant by (a) nuclear fission, (b) fission product and (c) chain reaction. (see pages 228 and 229). Give an example of an equation of the fission of uranium-235 (see page 229). Draw a diagram showing the structure of a nuclear reactor (see page 230). Explain the function in a reactor of (a) control rods, (b) moderator and (c) heat exchanger (see pages 229 and 230). Answer the questions on page 231. Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter checklist on page 231.
5.
6. 7. 8.