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Caudal End
conus medullaris
(Spinal cord terminates around vertebra L1)
filum terminale (composed of pia mater): anchors spinal cord cauda equina
Meninges
Internal structure
Posterior/ Dorsal Horn Posterior Funiculus (white matter)
Posterior/Dorsal
Anterior/Ventral)
Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus Central canal Anterior white commissure
Lumbar
Sacral
The ratio of white matter to gray matter increases from caudal to rostral
2) Transverse Arrangement
Afferent & Efferent Fibers Crossing (Commissural and Decussating) Fibers
3) Somatotopical Arrangement
Rexeds Laminae
Lissauer tract
II: substantia gelatinosa III, IV: nucleus proprius V, VI VII: intermediate gray
Clarkes column (Nucleus dorsalis; C8-L2, sensory relay) intermediolateral cell column -sympathetic T1-L2, parasympathetic in sacral cord)
Lamina VIII Lamina IX: anterior horn motor neurons Lamina X: gray commissure
Input from
dorsal root ganglion cells spinal interneurons long tracts from brain
Autonomic neurons
Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are segregated in the spinal cord
Parasympathetic= cervical and sacral Sympathetic = thoracic and lumbar
Intermediate horn
Dermatomes
The region of skin innervated by a single dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerves impose segmentation; actual cord consists of columns of cells Innervation of body is segmented (dermatomes)
Polysynaptic reflex
At least one interneuron between sensory afferent and motor efferent
Longer delay between stimulus and response Length of delay is proportional to the number of synapses involved. more complicated responses than monosynaptic reflexes as the interneurons can control several muscle groups.
Nomenclature: usually origin to target e.g. corticospinal: from cortex to spinal cord
Descending pathways
1) Medial Pathways (vestibulo-, reticulo-, tectospinal)
Termination in ventromedial gray matter Axial and proximal innervation Termination in dorsolateral gray matter Distal muscle innervation
Vestibulospinal
Reticulospinal
posture
Medial pathways
Aminergic pathways
Coerulospinal tract-Locus coeruleus Raphaespinal system- Modulation of pain
Lateral pathways
Corticospinal tract (CST)
From motor cortex
Rubrospinal tract
From red nucleus in midbrain
Corticospinal tract
Also called pyramidal tract
Arises primarily from primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor cortex Somatosensory cortex also contributes
Synapses with:
Alpha and gamma motor neurons Propriospinal neurons
Interneurons
Internal capsule
Midbrain
spinal cord
Spinocerebellar system
Unconscious proprioception
Ascends ipsilaterally
First synapse: medulla: nucl. gracilis and nucl. cuneatus Output from relay nuclei to thalamus crosses Conscious touch on contralateral side of the body
3. Thalamus (VPL)
internal capsule -corona radiata
Anterolateral system
(spinothalamic)
DRG axons form Lissauer tract Pain and temperature on contralateral side of body Many peptidergic neurons, transmitter: substance P Crosses in spinal cord
Summary
Ascending
Voluntary motor control Reflexes and spinal circuitry
Descending
Facsciulus Proprius
Propriospinal neurons in dorsal horn (lamina III+IV) Intersegmental coordination of various muscles ~30% of white matter derived from propriospinal axons Axons mostly surrounding gray matter