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Presentation Overview
Changes & requirements of AISC 360 specification Overview of current methods & limitations Overview of Direct analysis method Discussion on NCE software
Chapter C
Effective Length Method (K factors) First Order analysis
Chapter C
Direct Analysis Method
Appendix 7
Effective Length Method (K factors) First Order Analysis
Appendix 7
Direct Analysis Method
Other issues
Geometric imperfections Beam sweep, camber, out of plumb, etc. Code of standard practice allows H/500 for column out of plumb Residual stresses Uneven cooling of hot rolled shapes Uncertainty in strength and stiffness Variability in material properties
Required Strengths
Analysis shall consider all deformations including connections that contribute to the displacement of the structure. Analysis shall be performed at strength level (1.0*LRFD or 1.6*ASD loadings) Analysis shall include both P- & P- effects. Permissible to ignore P- under following conditions. Columns are nominally vertical Ratio of 2nd order to 1st order drift < 1.7 One third or less of gravity load supported on frame columns. Use of approximate method provided in Appendix 8 is permitted as an alternative to a rigorous 2nd order analysis
Initial Imperfections
Permissible to account for imperfections by direct modeling of column out of plumbness, etc. More common to account for the imperfections with Notional Loads Notional load is lateral load at each level as follows Ni = 0.002**Yi Alpha = 1.0 at LRFD & 1.6 at ASD Yi is gravity load at level i 0.002 is based on H/500 out of plumbness (AISC COSP) Notional loads are applied to gravity cases only when Ratio of 2nd order to 1st order drift < 1.7
Adjustment to Stiffness
Members shall have a reduced stiffness on all members that contribute to the stability of the structure. The reduction is 0.8 for axial & flexural stiffness & an additional b reduction on the flexural stiffness where b is: 1.0 when Pr/Py 0.5 4(Pr/Py )[1- (Pr/Py)] otherwise May use b = 1.0 if an additional 0.001 notional load is added to all load cases
Available strength
For direct analysis method available strength is calculated based on Chapters D, E, F, G, H, I, J, & K of the specification Effective length factor = 1.0 in all cases.
Commentary to Chapter C
Rigorous second-order analyses are those that accurately model all significant second-order effects. Somebut not all, and possibly not even mostmodern commercial computer programs are capable of performing a rigorous second-order analysis, although this should be verified by the user for each particular program.
STAAD
Direct Analysis is available effective STAAD.Pro 2007
See section 5.37.5 of technical reference manual
General Format
PERFORM DIRECT ANALYSIS..(See sec. 5.37.5 and STAAD output)
Use command in place of Perform Analysis or Pdelta Converge Command directs the program to:
Reduce axial & flexural stiffness as required by code Solve static case w/ notional loads
STAAD P-delta
STAAD Default for P-delta will include both P- & P-. Must be used with REPEAT LOAD command Benchmark problem Case 1 from commentary to Chapter C of the Specification (page 16.1-276) results were confirmed. Appears that STAAD meets a Rigorous 2nd order analysis
RAM P-Delta
RAM uses two methods to approximate P-Delta effects Both are based on the Geometric Stiffness Method Small, assumed deflections are used to create a Geometric Stiffness matrix This matrix modifies the building stiffness matrix once Accounts for P- only.
RAM P-Delta
Non-iterative P-Delta Method Used for Rigid diaphragms Preliminary P-Delta Analysis Used for Semi-rigid diaphragms
Summary
Direct analysis is the preferred stability method of AISC Direct analysis directly accounts for the five issues contributing to stability Direct analysis appears relatively easy to implement in STAAD. RAM Frame uses approximate methods to account for stability
Questions?