Emissions

What are Emissions? Why are They Bad?

How are They Formed?

What to do About Them.

Emissions, What Are They?

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Nitric Oxide (NO) & Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Aldehydes

Hydrocarbon Recombinations, i.e. CH3OH

Particulates

Soot (Dry Carbon), Oil, Inorganics (Sulfur)

Emissions, What Are They?

Total Hydrocarbons (THC) or Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC)

Unburned Fuel CH4, C2H6, C3H8, ...

Also Known as:

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds ROC Reactive Organic Compounds ROG Reactive Organic Gases

Emissions, Why Are They Bad?

Health Related Issues from Ingestion

Contribute to Acid Rain

Production of Ozone (O3)

Smog Creation

Global Warming

Greenhouse Gases

Emissions, Why Are They Bad?

Unburned Hydrocarbons

Promotes Conversion of NO Into Ozone. Reactivity of Components Vary

Methane - Low
Butane - High

Therefore Regulations May Specify Total

Hydrocarbons, Non-Methane HC, or NonMethane Non-Ethane HC

Global Warming
INFRA-RED RADIATION greenhouse gases ATMOSPHERE

SUN

INCREASED REFLECTION BY ATMOSPHERE OF INFRA-RED RADIATION FROM THE EARTH WARMS THE CLIMATE.

Global Warming Potential

150
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (Relative to CO2)

170 140 110 80 50 20 -10 CO2 CO CH4 NMHC NOx

1

20

28

GASEOUS EMISSION (Greenhouse Gas)

Why Emissions Are Good For Gas Business!

22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

18

NOx (g/bhp-hr)

9 5 1.5
Stoich Gas D3600 D3500B G3500

1.3
Turbine Std. Comb.

0.5
G3600

0.3
Turbine SoLoNOx

0.3
3-Way Catalyst (Dual Stage)

g/bhp-hr (grams per brake horsepower hour)

How Are Emissions Formed?

Spark Plug

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Nitric Oxide (NO) Created from Oxidation of Atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) During Combustion NO Reacts with O2 to Form Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) NO Production Strong Function of Reaction Temperature
Hot Flame Region: NOX

What To Do About Emissions

Reduction Via Control in Combustion Chamber

Lean Burn-Cooler Combustion Reduces NOx but Increases CO Retard Timing-Cooler Combustion

Reduction Via Aftertreatment of Exhaust Gas

Thermal Reactors Oxidize CO, HC - Corr. Gases (800+ C Exh Temps-$200/hp) Catalytic Converters (3-way, Oxidation, SCR) Particulate Traps (Only Diesel)

NOx Characteristic
22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4

NOx (g/hp-hr)

NOx

EXHAUST OXYGEN COMBUSTION TEMP

O2 (% DRY)

2 0 0.8

0.9 Rich Burn

1.1

1.2 LAMBDA

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

Lean Burn

LAMBDA=(A/F actual)/(A/F stoich)

CO Characteristic
24 22 20

18
CO (g/hp-hr) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

CO
Exhaust Oxygen

lack of O2

Rich Burn

LAMBDA

Lean Burn

Electrical efficiency 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 100 200 400 600 800 1000

1/2 TA Luft TA Luft Denmark NOx regulation

Efficiency Range

NOx (mg/Nm3)

What To Do About Emissions Catalytic Converters

Oxidation Catalyst

Used with Lean Burn Reduces CO (50-90%) and HC (50%) Uses Platinum and Palladium

Oxidation Catalyst

CXHY
CO O2

CO2 H 2O

Emissions - Units
G / bhp-hr Reported at Actual Exhaust 02 Use to Calculate Tons / Yr , Lb / Day , etc.. PPM @ X 02% Corrected to 15% 02 Use to Compare Other Manufacturers

Emissions - Conversions
Conversion to Different Exhaust Oxygen Levels
PPM measured * (20.9-X% O2) PPM @ X% O2 = -------------------------------------(20.9-%O2 measured)

1 ppm NOX 1 ppm CO 1 ppm CH4

= 2.052 mg NOx/Nm3 Exhaust Gas = 1.25 mg CO/Nm3 Exhaust Gas = 0.716 mg CH4/Nm3 Exhaust Gas

Conclusion

What are Emissions?

Why are They Bad? How are They Formed? What to do About Them.

OPERATION AREA FOR LEAN BURN

0,2 0,4 0,6

RICH MISFIRE

LAMBDA

0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8

0

RICH LEAN

STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE
ESTANDARD

LEAN MISFIRE
10 20 30 40 50 60 70

BEST ECONOMY TA LUFT

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210

M.A.P.

kPa

DETONATION