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WEEK 2 ELEMENT 2

Manual and Mechanical Handling

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Manual Handling
Moving or supporting a load by hand or bodily force

External Injuries
Cuts, bruises, crush injuries, lacerations

Internal Injuries
Tears, hernias, slipped discs

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Over 3 day Injuries Reported

Other 12.6% Trip 19.1%

Handling 36.5%

Struck 20.4%

Fall 6.9%

Machinery 4.5%

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Sites of Injury: Handling Accidents

Rest of Torso 6.6% Lower Limb 7.7% Arm 10.3% Finger/Thumb 14.3% Back 49.3% Hand 8.5% Others 3.3%

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Types of Injury: Handling Accidents

8.8% Laceration 6.4% Contusion 3.3% Fractures 3.1% Other Superficial 5.3%

73.1% Sprain/Strain

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The Spine

Cervical (7)

Thoracic (12)

Lumber (5)

Protection of the spinal column Provide point of attachment for ligaments, Tendons, Muscles Supports the skeletal framework

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The Intervertebral Disc

Vertebra Intervertebral Disc

Nucleus Pulposus
Annulus Fibrosis

Act as a hydraulic shock absorber Strong connecting link between vertebrae Allow movement between each vertebra

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Guideline Filter
There is no such thing as a completely safe manual handling operation. But working within the following guidelines will cut the risk and reduce the need for a more detailed assessment.

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Filters Twisting
Twisting through from front
Twisting

Guideline filters reduced by

45
90

o o

10%
20%

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Filters Pushing and Pulling

Pushing / Pulling Motion Men Women

Starting a load Keeping the load in motion (no more than 20m)

20 kg 10 kg

15 kg 7 kg

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Manual Handling Risk Assessment

Load Individual Task Environment

Remember: LITE

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The Load
Physical weight (Heavy) Size (Bulky) Shape (Difficult to grasp) Rigidity (Contents liable to shift) Outside surfaces (Sharp) Stability of contents (Unstable) Other hazards - hot/cold/sharp etc

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The Individual

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Sex Physical strength Stature (Physique; Height, etc) State of health Level of training Hazards to pregnant women Persons perception of their ability

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The Task
Holding loads away from trunk Twisting/stooping/reaching Large vertical movements Distances involved Strenuous pulling and pushing of load Repetitive handling Unpredictable movement of load Insufficient rest or recovery period A work rate imposed by the process

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The Environment
Lighting (poor) Ventilation (strong air) Obstacles Height of work surfaces Temperature (Hot/Cold) Floor conditions Space available

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Practical Measures to Avoid Manual Handling Injuries

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Avoid Manual Handling Risk Reduction Automation & mechanisation Team handling Training Smaller, lighter load Selection (individual and mechanical aid) Good Environment (spacing ; flooring; temp; light)

If load is too heavy get HELP!!!

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Practical Measures (1)

Task: 1kg and 2kg packs containing glass jars of finished product were manually lifted from a conveyor belt and placed on a pallet

Scissor lift and turntable

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Practical Measures (2)

Task: Pallets of finished product were shrink-wrapped manually using shrink-film and a shrink-film holder. Usually, one operator would shrink-wrap 30/40 pallets per day.

Automatic shrink-wrapping machine

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Manual Handling Aids (1)

Suction pads Panel lifter Paving slab lifter

Manhole lifter

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Manual Handling Aids (2) Trucks

Conventional sack trucks

Hydraulic sack truck

Stair climber sack trucks

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Manual Handling Aids (3) Trucks

Pallet truck Platform truck

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Manual Handling Aids (4)

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Manual Handling Aids (5)

Panel Lifter

Hoists

Hoist and Roll

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Manual Handling Aids (6)

Drum trolley

Drum grip

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Manual Handling Aids (7)

Ladder hoist

Hoddi

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Manual Handling Aids (8)

Lifting Devices

Floor crane

Mobile gantry

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Manual Handling Aids (9)

Roller table

Shifting skates

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Manual Handling Aids (10)

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Correct Handling Technique

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Appropriate clothing Assess Load Position of feet Grip the load Lift load

6) Able to see where load is to be moved to 7) Avoid twisting body 8) Set down load

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Lifting Equipment/Accessories (Tackle)

Four leg sling

Two leg sling

Shackles

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Types of Crane

Overhead

Mobile

Tower

Gantry

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Overhead Travelling Cranes

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Gantry Crane

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Tower Cranes

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Tower Crane (2)

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Mobile Cranes

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Mobile Cranes
Crane Suitability Ground Conditions Outriggers Obstructions Overhead Power Lines Protected Area Suitable lifting tackle Correct Slinging Competence of personnel Load near ground if travelling Good Visibility and Communications Monitoring wind speed

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Cranes Main Hazards

Overturning
Overloading Collision

Failure of Support
Loss of Load Failure of load bearing part

High winds

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Crane Accidents (1) (Gantry)

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Crane Accidents (2) (Tower)

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Crane Accident (3) (Mobile)

A driver who deliberately overloaded his crane by 20% escaped unhurt when it overturned - he leapt clear from the cab, but the damage to the crane was estimated at $120,000.

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Crane Accidents (4) (Mobile)

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Crane Accidents (5) (Mobile)

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Safety Measures using Cranes

Pre-use check Adequate strength Safe working load Load indicators
Rated capacity indicator Rated capacity limiter Load lifting device Controls Over travel switches Safe Access Operating position No passengers Lifting attachments tested/examined

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Not exceeding safe working load

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Employee Safety During Lifting

Trained Personnel (crane operators etc.)
Good communication Properly maintained equipment Equipment has undergone statutory inspection Correct and free from defects lifting accessories Ensuring load is secure

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Employee Safety During Lifting

Warning of lift taking place Path free from obstacles Avoid overhead power lines All personnel clear of load Lift load vertically Lift load to correct height Move at appropriate speed Put down in safe position and release tension Safety Helmets Adequate supervision

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Lifting Accessories (Lifting Tackle)

Beams Pulley blocks Chain slings

Rope slings
Textile slings Hooks

Rings
Shackles Eyebolts

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Lifting Accessories (Tackle) Hazards

Overloading Using makeshift attachments Incorrect slinging arrangements Damaged attachments : Textile slings damaged, cut, abraded or stretched Chains deformed, cracked or stretched links Broken wires or kinks No examination or pre-use inspection Damage to accessories during use Lack of training

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Precautions when using accessories

a) All accessories properly certificated/tested
b) Properly inspected by a competent person c) Safe working load clearly marked

d) Inspection prior to use

e) No repair to accessories on site f) Not to be used for unintended purpose

g) Packing between accessory and load

h) Properly stored after use i) Training for staff in safe use

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Safety in Lifting Operations

a) Lifting Equipment Sufficient strength, tested Thorough examination Inspected at regular intervals Suitably marked b) Lifting Operations Planned and supervised Correctly positioned Loads not carried over persons Good visibility and communication

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Hoists

Chain hoist

Goods hoist

Patient hoist

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Control measures on use of Hoist

Regular maintenance Training and refresher training for all operators Carry out hoist operation from one position Driver must have good visibility of landings Clear signals/audible warning be given prior to lifting operation Goods properly secured, no loose items of material in goods lift Gates correctly and properly secured before lifting

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Precautions when using hoists

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) Controls only operated from one position Clear visibility of landings Clear signals Secure objects being carried on goods hoists Items not overfilled Do not carry loose items No passengers on goods lifts Safe working loads clearly marked Hoist properly examined and tested Suitable fencing and gates at all levels Training staff in use of hoists

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Conveyors

Belt

Screw

Roller

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Hazards of Conveyors
Trapping Contact Entanglement Striking Impact Items falling off Slips Manual handling Noise

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Hazard Control Measures

Fixed/interlocked guards Side guards Trip wires emergency stop buttons Safe access Avoiding loose clothing, etc Restricted access Head protection Regular maintenance