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Plant cells
Animal cells
Organelles Mitochondria Nucleus Vacuoles Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Chloroplast Endoplasmic reticulum
Non organelles
Plasma membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuole Mitochondria Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Centrioles Chloroplasts
Plasma membrane
The membrane that encloses the content of cell. This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment The membrane is said to be semi-permeable and act as a selective barrier.
Cell wall
A rigid outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cell only. Gives shape to a plant cell and provides mechanical support.
Cytoplasm
Region between nucleus and the plasma membrane. Consists of a jelly like matrix in which the organelles of the cell suspended. Acts as a medium for biochemical reaction
Nucleus
The nucleus is spherical in shape and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. It controls all the activities which take place in the cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes (genetic material).
Vacuole
Fluid-filled sac that regulate water balance in these organism. Act as storage place in cell. Tonoplast is a membrane that surround the vacuole.
Mitochondria
Small spherical or cylindrical shaped organelles with double membrane. play a critical role in generating energy in the cell and stored in form of ATP.
Ribosomes
Spherical organelles found attached to the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Place for synthesis of protein by using information from chromosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Consists of a network of folded membrane forming interconnected tubules.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
Has ribosomes attached
to its surface. Transport protein made by the ribosomes which enclosed in vesicles
ribosomes site for synthesis of lipid and detoxification of drugs and poison
Golgi apparatus
Consists of a stack of flattened membranous sacs. Function as a processing, packaging and transporting centre of carbohydrates, protein, phospholipids and glyprotein.
Vesicles that received from rough ER are processed and modified. Then, package into new form of vesicles and travels to other parts of the cell or to plasma membrane.
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound sacs contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes digest or breakdown complex organic molecules. Eliminate worn out mitochondria or other damage organelles. Release nutrient by digest the content in vacuole
Centrioles
A pair of cylindrical structures located just outside the nucleus. They form spindle fiber during cell division in animal cells only.
Chloroplast
Lens shaped containing green pigment- chlorophyll chlorophyll traps sunlight and undergo photosynthesis to convert sunlight to chemical energy.
Animal cell
Plant cell
in the VENN Diagram to compare PLANT CELLS to ANIMAL CELLS. Use the words in the word box
Centrioles
Plasma membrane mitochondria Cell wall nucleus chloroplast ribosomes cytoplasm vacuole
Cell Organisation
Learning objective
1.
2. 3.
State the necessity for cell specification in multicellular organism as compared to unicellular organism. Describe cell specification in multicellular organism Describe cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs and systems in multicellular organism.
Unicellular
Unicellular single cell organism. Ex: Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. Able to carry out all the functions of life independently.
Reproduction
Once an Amoeba has grown to certain size, its nucleus divided to form two daughter nuclei. Cytoplasm then divides and two daughter Amoeba are formed. But during drought, Amoeba will reproductive by spore
Feeding
Phagocytosis: move around the particle and takes it into its cytoplasm where it form a food vacuole.
Movement
By using extension of cytoplasm pseudopodium. The rest of the cytoplasm slowly flows into this extension.
Multicellular organism
Multicellular large organism with more than one cell Need different types of cells to carry out all the different function of life. Cell specification- Each cell change in shape and form to become specific cell in order to form different function. Cell organisation allowed every part of a multicellular organism to perform various functions efficiently.
Cell undergo differentiation to acquire special structures and become specialized cells with specific function.
Tissue a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Main tissue in animal epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue and connective tissue. Main tissue in plant epidermis tissue, meristem tissue, vascular tissue and ground tissue.
Muscle tissue
Consists of muscle cells which can contract to perform work Cause body movement by means of contraction 3 types : smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Characteristic and function Consists of neuron Specialized to detect stimuli and transmit impulse to muscles or glands. Consists of Loose - it bind the epithelia to underlying tissue and hold organs in place. Dense consists of Tendon- connect muscle to bone Ligament- join bone together at joint. Cartilage support to nose, ears and covers the ends of bones at joint Bone provide protection to organs and support the body Blood transporting and protective functions. Adipose- energy reserve and provides insulation and protection.
Connective tissue
Epidermis tissue
Cover the layer of stem, leaves and root of young plants. Consists of one layer cell. Epidermis cell of leaf differentiate to become guard cell while those at the root become root hair cell.
Characteristic and function Consists of xylem and phloem Xylem transport water and mineral salt from roots to the stems and leaves Phloem transport dissolved nutrient from leaves to the roots and stem.
Ground tissue
Consist of Parenchyma loosely packed and contain chloroplast Collenchyma- unevenly thickened cell walls especially at the corner. Support non woody , young stem and petiole. Sclerenchyma- uniformly thickened by lignin and may be dead. Give mechanical strength.
system consists of a few organ made up of various tissue. The functions of all system must be coordinated for the organism to survive.
System in animal
System in plant
ORGAN
Stomach
TISSUE
Epithelial
Nervous
Cardiac
Connective
CELL
Epithelial
neuron
muscle
Red blood
Xylem
Phloem
Internal environment
Consist of interstitial fluid and blood plasma
Interstitial fluid
Fills the spaces between the cells and constantly bathes the cells Interstitial fluid exchange nutrients and waste substance with the blood plasma in the blood capillaries.
Physical factors
Temperature, blood pressure and osmotic pressure.
Chemical factors
Salt content, sugar content and pH value.
Physical and chemical factors need to be controlled and regulated so that cells can function effectively.
Homeostasis
for the cells to function optimally. Eg: metabolism of the body is affected by the chemical changes such as glucose level and physical factors like temperature. These changes are regulated by the homeostatic mechanisms.
Homeostatic mechanism
Purpose: metabolic processes can proceed at optimum rates. Any changes : will trigger the homeostatic mechanism to bring it back to normal. The mechanism that governs homeostasis is called the negative feedback mechanism.