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Acknowledgements
Many of the images and sound files used in this Powerpoint Presentation are from The
housed at Rutgers University. The contents of this site are all copyright 1998-2003 by David Morton
http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/start.htm
The real significance of the early phonograph was that it transformed the way people listened to music. Where once music was a unique, live performance, experienced in a public place with a group, now it was heard privately in the home and it was possible to hear the same "performance" over and over. According to this argument, the listening experience was cheapened.
David Morton
Early History
Making and listening to music has always been a fundamental human need. Before the invention of recording you could only hear music if someone was prepared to play or sing it.
Vermeers
Early History
Breughals
Peasant Wedding
Early History
In the Middle Ages, the wheel was the first mechanism used to record sound, with pegs positioned to strike chimes, certain keys, or bells when rotated.
A famous automata with sound was a mechanical duck developed by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1745. The duck flapped its wings, raised up on its legs, stretched its neck, and quacked. Oh, and digested food!
limited
Scotts Phonoautograph, 1857, traced sound waves on a carbonized cylinder with a stylus attached to a diaphragm that vibrated from spoken sounds--did not record the sound itself, only a graphical image of sound.
Edison Phonograph-- late 1880's Not originally intended for music Phonograph used tin foil or wax cylinders recorded by speaking into a megaphone Mixing" was done by placement of musicians
Mary Had a Little Lamb
Early Phonograph
Early Phonograph
A sheet of thick tinfoil, wrapped around cylinder "C" is indented by a stylus attached to diaphragm "A." This hand-cranked machine was of the type used to demonstrate the principle. Production models had provisions for keeping the speed constant and other improvements.
Early Phonograph
Close Up of Grooves
Early Recording
Liberty March by Edison Concert Band, recorded in 1897 with a 13 horn system.
In 1878, shortly after inventing his phonograph, Thomas Edison created a "top ten list" of uses of the phonograph. Number ten read:
"Connection with the telephone, so as make that instrument an auxiliary in the transmission of permanent and invaluable records, instead of being the recipient of momentary and fleeting communication."
The first phonographs had one disadvantage the recordings could not be duplicated. In 1894, Emile Berliner modified the phonograph to use a disc rather than a cylinder.
Electromagnetic Recording
Until 1925, all records were made by performing into a horn, which limited the range and type of music, so the idea of using an electrical signal from a microphone to drive an electromagnetic disc recording device was developed.
Electromagnetic Recording
1925 - first electricallyrecorded discs and Orthophonic phonographs went on sale, using Western Electric system developed at AT&T's Bell Labs over the previous 10 years. It is now possible to record whole orchestras and symphonies and even sound motion pictures
Amplification--1920's
Circuits were developed for radio industry: Amps and Microphones By using the microphone, recordings of public performances became much easier. Bing Crosby was first to use the microphone as an "instrument"he sang INTO the mic: more intimate than "acoustic" singing
But Master recordings still went to disk in the same manner as before
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic recording, which is today used for video and audio tape, was first introduced around 1899-1900 by the Danish inventor Valdemar Poulsen. In 1900, Poulsen patented the Telegraphone, a device to record sound on a steel wire or tape. He later designed a model to answer the telephone automatically and record a message.
Magnetic Tape
1932 - BASF of I.G. Farben joined with AEG of Telefunken to develop magnetic tape recording using Pfleumer patent; by 1934, BASF is able to manufacture reels of plastic-based tape.
(1940 - David Sarnoff of RCA installed first secret recording devices in the White House.)
Reel to Reel
Effects Devices
Tape recorders led to effects devices-
Chorus -> slight detuning of the signal to create a full shimmering sound
Reverb-> simulates reverberation of various sizes of rooms Delay -> repeats original sound at regular intervals, gradually fading away Echo -> repeats original sound at irregular intervals
Les Paul
Les Paul s performing career started at the age of 13 and by the early 1950s he was the greatest jazz guitarist of his generation. As an inventor, Mr. Paul's breakthrough creation of the solid-body electric guitar paved the way for electric music and made the sound of rock and roll possible.
Les Paul
In 1953 while performing with Bing Crosby, he perfected the first muli-track recording machine, allowing separate lines of instrumental music and vocals to be blended together. His many recording innovations-including sound-on-sound, overdubbing, reverb effects, and multi-tracking--greatly accelerated the advancement of studio recording.
Cassettes
Digital Recording
Digital audio began in the telephone industry, where it was used to digitize telephone conversations and, in effect, compress them so that more conversations could be handled on existing lines.
Digital Recording
In 1971, Heitaro Nakajima joined Sony. He was struck with the idea of digitizing sound when trying to improve the sound quality of FM broadcasts. Nakajima thought that by using digital technology, which had only been used in computers and long-distance telephone transmission, the quality of recorded sound could be improved.
Digital Tape
1976 - The first 16-bit digital recording in the US was made at the Santa Fe Opera on a handmade Soundstream digital tape recorder developed by Dr. Thomas G. Stockham. 1987--Digital Audio Tape (DAT) recorders and players were introduced.
CDs
1982 - first digital audio 5-inch CD discs marketed, merging the consumer music industry with the computer revolution.
CDs
The compact disc as sold to the public for $15 is made of plastic coated with a layer of aluminum and protected with a final layer of lacquer, costing less than $1 to manufacture. The maximum playing time is 74 minutes.
Labeling Surface Protective Layer Reflective Layer Recording Layer Polycarbonate Substrate
CDs
The CD was not an immediate hit, and it took nearly a decade for it to displace the audio cassette, but in the 1990s it became the most popular home format.
Really Portable
Recorders were once the size of an entire room. Now they fit in your hand. The recording quality was once very poor. Now they are nearly the same quality as professional studios.
add: Synthesizer
add: Bass and Guitars add: Vocals