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Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear chemistry is the sub discipline of chemistry that is concerned with changes in the nucleus of elements. Nuclear chemistry is the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties. Nuclear chemistry is the study of the atomic nuclei and the changes it undergoes.
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear chemistry affects many aspects of our lives everyday. Without nuclear chemistry, life could not exist.
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
Wilhelm Roentgen
Found that invisible rays were emitted when electrons bombarded the surface of certain materials.
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
J. Robert Oppenheimer and Leslie Groves At the remains of a tower used in the test
of the first atomic bomb.
Nuclear Chemistry
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Chemical Reaction
Occur when bonds are broken. Atom remains unchanged although they may be rearranged. Involve only valence electrons. Associated with small energy changes. Reaction rate influenced by temperature, particle size and concentration.
Nuclear Reaction
Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. Atoms often converted into atoms of another element. May involve protons, neutrons and electrons. Associated with large energy changes. Reaction rate is not influenced by temperature, particle size and concentration.
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Reaction is a process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide, to produce different products than the initial particles.
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Change in Mass # -4 0 0
Change in Atomic # -2 +1 0
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Alpha Decay - emission of alpha particles. Example : 23892U ----> 42He + 23490Th
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Beta Decay - emission of beta particles. - This type of decay process leaves the mass number of the nuclei unchanged.
Example : 3215P ----> 0-1e + 3216S
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Positron Emission - This type of particle production is the opposite of Beta particle decay.
Example : Na ----> 0 1e + Ne
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Gamma Decay - emission of electromagnetic energy (gamma rays). - often accompany other processes of decay such as alpha or beta.
Example: 23892U ----> 23490Th + 200 + 42He
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nucleus 99.9% of the mass of atom Composed of protons and neutrons Electrons 0.01 % of mass of atom Composed of electrons
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Fission
- The word fission means a splitting or breaking up into parts. - Nuclear fission takes place when a large, somewhat unstable isotope is bombarded by highspeed particles, usually neutrons. These neutrons are accelerated and then slammed into the unstable isotope, causing it to fission, or break into smaller particles.
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Fusion
- The word fusion means a merging of separate elements into a unified whole. - Nuclear fusion refers to the union of atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei resulting in the release of enormous amounts of energy.
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reaction
HALF-LIFE
Nuclear Chmistry
Half-Life
time required for the element to decay to half of the original amount. For instance, half-life is the time period during which half of the atom of a radioactive element undergoes a nuclear process to be reduced into a lighter element.
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
= 0.5/1/2
Where AE = amount of substance left Ao = original amount of substance t = elapsed time t1/2 = half-life of the substance
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
If you are given 157 grams of 14C, how much of 14C would be left after 2000 years. The half-life of 14C is 5730 years.
AE = 157 * .52000/5730 Amount of 14C left after 2000 years would be 123 grams.
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
has a half life of 6.13 hours. How much of a 5.0 mg sample would remain after one day? Amount remaining = 5.0 mg x (.067) Amount remaining = 0.33 mg
228Ac
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
Barium-122 has a half-life of 2 minutes. A fresh sample weighing 80 g was obtained. If it takes 10 minutes to set up an experiment using barium-122, how much barium-122 will be left when the experiment begins?
At the end of 10 minutes (5 half-lives) only 2.5 g are left, the rest has decayed.
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
If 10 mg of iodine 131 is given to a patient, how much is left after 24 days? The half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days.
Since the half-life is 8 days, 24 days corresponds to 3 half-lives. After one half-life 5 mg are left; after two half-lives, 2.5 mg; and after 3 half-lives 1.25 mg remain.
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life EXAMPLE E Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years and is used to date archaeological objects. All living organisms have a constant carbon-12/carbon14 ratio. When the organism dies carbon-12 levels remain constant but carbon-14 decays. The changing carbon-12/carbon-14 ratio can be used to determine the date of the artifact. For example, fresh charcoal made from a tree contains carbon-14 which will give a radioactive count of 13.60 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. Prehistoric cave paintings were found in Spain. A piece of charcoal found in the ancient cave in Altamira, Spain gave 1.70 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. From this information, determine the age of the cave paintings.
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
After one half-life the number of disintegrations will go from 13.60 to 6.80; after two half-lives it is 3.40 and after three half-lives 1.70. Therefore 3 half-lives have elapsed since the paintings were done. Since the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years the paintings are about 5730x3=17,190 years old.
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. A piece of linen found today contains carbon14 and gives an activity of 15 counts per minute per gram of carbon. If an anthropologist found an ancient piece of linen believed to date back to the Neolithic period which gave only 7.5 counts per minute per gram of carbon, how old is the ancient linen ? Ans. 5730 years
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
Technetium-99m is used for brain scans. If a laboratory receives a shipment of 200 g of this isotope and after 24 hours only 12.5 g of this isotope remain, what is the half-life of technetium-99m? Ans. 6 hours
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
Mercury -197 is used for kidney scans and has a half-life of 3 days. If the amount of mercury-197 needed for a study is 1.0 gram and the time allowed for shipment is 15 days, how much mercury-197 will need to be ordered?
Ans. 32 g
Nuclear Chemistry
Half-Life
If the half-life of uranium-232 is 70 years, how many half-lives will it take for 10 g of it to be reduced to 1.25 g?
Ans. 3 half-lives