WCDMA Systems 003

WCDMA, HSPA and advanced receivers
Timo Nihtil, Ph.Lic. (Ph.D. def.)

Senior Research Scientist Magister Solutions Ltd.
Readings related to the subject

General readings
WCDMA for UMTS Harri Holma, Antti Toskala HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS Harri Holma, Antti Toskala
Network planning oriented

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Janna Laiho, Achim Wacker, Toms Novosad UMTS Radio Network Planning, Optimization and QoS Management For Practical Engineering Tasks Jukka Lempiinen, Matti Manninen
Timo Nihtil
TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008
Outline
Background
Key concepts
Code multiplexing Spreading
Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) WCDMA Performance Enhancements
High Speed Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA) Advanced features for HSDPA
Timo Nihtil
Background
Why new radio access system
Frequency Allocations
Standardization WCDMA background and evolution Evolution of Mobile standards Current WCDMA markets
Why new radio access system

Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) Support for packet data services
IP data in core network Wireless IP
New services in mobile multimedia need faster data transmission and flexible utilization of the spectrum FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough
TDMA wastes time resources FDMA wastes frequency resources
CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for UMTS (1997)
(Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)
Timo Nihtil
Frequency allocations for UMTS

Frequency plans of Europe, Japan and Korea are harmonized
US plan is incompatible, the spectrum reserved for 3G elsewhere is currently used for the US 2G standards
IMT-2000 band in Europe:
FDD 2x60MHz
Expected air interfaces and spectrums, source: WCDMA for UMTS
Timo Nihtil
Standardization
WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the industry and universities WCDMA was chosen besides ETSI also in other forums like ARIB (Japan) as 3G technology in late 1997/early 1998. During 1998 parallel work proceeded in ETSI and ARIB (mainly), with commonalities but also differences Work was also on-going in USA and Korea
Timo Nihtil
Standardization
At end of 1998 different standardization organizations got together and created 3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 5 Founding members: ETSI, ARIB+TTC (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1 (USA) CWTS (China) joined later. Different companies are members through their respective standardization organization.
3GPP
ETSI
ARIB
TTA
T1P1
TTC
CWTS
ETSI Members
ARIB Members
TTA Members
T1P1 Members
TTC Members
CWTS Members
Timo Nihtil
WCDMA Background and Evolution

First major milestone was Release 99, 12/99
Full set of specifications by 3GPP Targeted mainly on access part of the network
Release 4, 03/01
Core network was extended markets jumped over Rel 4
Release 5, 03/02
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Release 6, end of 04/beginning of 05

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
Release 7, 06/07
Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), advanced features for HSDPA (MIMO, higher order modulation)
Timo Nihtil
WCDMA Background and Evolution

3GPP Rel -99 12/99 3GPP Rel 4 03/01 3GPP Rel 5 (HSDPA) 03/02 3GPP Rel 6 (HSUPA) 2H/04 3GPP Rel 7 HSPA+ 06/07 Further Releases
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Japan
Europe (pre-commercial)
Europe (commercial)
HSDPA (commercial)
HSUPA (commercial)
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Evolution of Mobile standards

EDGE
WCDMA FDD GSM HSCSD GPRS
HSDPA/ HSUPA LTE
TD-CDMA TDD HCR
HSDPA/ HSUPA
TD-SCDMA TDD LCR
cdma2000 1XEV - DO cdmaOne (IS-95) cdma2000 cdma2000 1XEV - DV
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Timo Nihtil
Current WCDMA markets

Graph of the technologies adopted by the wireless users worldwide:
GSM (80.9%) C DMA (12%) WC DMA (4.6%) iDEN (0.9%) PDC(0.8%) US TDMA (0.8%)
Over 3.5 billion wireless users worldwide
GSM+WCDMA share currently over 88 % (www.umts-forum.org)

CDMA share is decreasing every year
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Timo Nihtil
Current WCDMA markets

Million subscribers
Over 200 million WCDMA subscribers globally (04/08) (www.umts-forum.org)

10 % HSDPA/HSUPA users
Number of subscribers is constantly increasing
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Key concepts
CDMA
Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence spreading Spreading and Processing gain
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Multiple Access Schemes

FDMA
TDMA CDMA
Code
Time
1 2 N
Frequency
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users
example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for different users,
example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) GSM also uses FDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are separated from each other with orthogonal codes
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Spread Spectrum
Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread to a wider bandwidth
Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
Benefits
More secure communication Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain
Classification Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence) Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency) Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable
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Spread Spectrum
Where does spread spectrum come from
First publications, late 40s First applications: Military from the 50s Rake receiver patent 1956 Cellular applications proposed late 70s Investigations for cellular use 80s IS-95 standard 1993 (2G) 1997/1998 3G technology choice 2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA technology
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Direct Sequence
In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary sequence i.e. with spreading/channelization code
The bits of the channelization code are called chips Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R) Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other (cocktail party effect)
Length of a channelization code

defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit and thus determines the end bit rate Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) is required
Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered based on the interference levels
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Direct Sequence
Transmission (Tx) side with DS
Information signal is multiplied with channelization code => spread signal
Receiving (Rx) side with DS

Spread signal is multiplied with channelization code Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then integrated (i.e. summed together)
If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the signal is meant for the receiver
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Direct Sequence
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Direct Sequence
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Processing gain and Spreading

Power density (Watts/Hz)
Despread narrowband signal
Transmitted signal before spreading
Spread wideband signal
R
Frequency
Received signal before despreading
Interference for the part we are interested in
Frequency
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Transmitted signal
Received signal after despreading but before filtering
Interference
Frequency Power density (Watts/Hz)
Received signal after despreading and after filtering
Frequency
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Spread spectrum systems reduce the effect of interference due to processing gain Processing gain is generally defined as follows:
G[dB]=10*log10(W/R), where W is the chip rate and R is the user bit rate
The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain. The loss is defined as:
Lp = 10*log10k, where k is the amount of users
Processing gain when the processing loss is taken into account is

Gtot=10*log10(W/kR)
High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR smaller coverage The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile network (voice, web browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates
Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different services depending on the radio network planning issues
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Processing gain is what gives CDMA systems the robustness against self-interference that is necessary in order to reuse the available 5 MHz carrier frequency over geographically close distances. Examples: Speech service with a bit rate of 12.2 kbps
processing gain 10 log10(3.84e6/12.2e3) = 25 dB For speech service the required SINR is typically in the order of 5.0 dB, so the required wideband signal-to-interference ratio (also called carrier-tointerference ratio, C/I ) is therefore 5.0 dB minus the processing = -20.0 dB. In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the interference or thermal noise power, and the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal. Notice: in GSM, a good quality speech connection requires C/I = 912 dB.
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Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

Overview Codes in WCDMA QoS support
Network Architecture
Radio propagation and fading RAKE receiver Power Control in WCDMA Diversity Capacity and coverage
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WCDMA System
WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems
Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)

Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the carriers
Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time

UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
High bit rates

With Release 99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL 384 kbps highest implemented
Fast power control (PC)

=> Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the interference
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WCDMA System
Soft handover
Improves coverage, decreases interference
Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver

Introduces multipath diversity
Variable spreading factor

Support for flexible bit rates
Multiplexing of different services on a single physical connection

Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:
real-time E.g. voice, video telephony streaming streaming video and audio interactive web-browsing background e-mail download
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Codes in WCDMA
Channelization Codes (=short code)
Codes from different branches of the code tree are orthogonal Length is dependent on the spreading factor Used for
channel separation from the single source in downlink separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink
Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore the additional scrambling code is needed
Scrambling codes (=long code)

Very long (38400 chips = 10 ms =1 radio frame), many codes available Does not spread the signal Uplink: to separate different mobiles Downlink: to separate different cells The correlation between two codes (two mobiles/NodeBs) is low
Not fully orthogonal
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Codes in WCDMA
For instance, the relation between downlink physical layer bit rates and codes
Symbol_rate = Chip_rate/SF Bit_rate = Symbol_rate*2 Control channel (DPCCH) overhead User bit rate with coding = Channel_bit_rate/2
Spreading Factor (SF)
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes

30 Timo Nihtil
Channel symbol rate (ksps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880
Channel bit rate (kbps)
15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760
DPDCH channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616
Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps Full rate speech 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 144 kbps 215 kbps 384 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
QoS Support
Key Factors: Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:
up to 210 Transport Format Combinations, selectable individually for every radio frame (10 ms) going towards IP core networks greatly increases the usage of simultaneous applications requiring different quality, e.g. real time vs. non-real time
Optimized usage of different transport channels for supporting different QoS
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QoS support
Example: Downlink Shared Channel 10 ms
Data Rate 2 Mbps
USER 1 USER 2 USER 3 USER 1
USER 1 USER 2 USER 4

....
Code 5
USER 4
Downlink Dedicated Channels
Code 4 Code 3 Code 2
USER 3 USER 2 USER 1
Code 1
Time
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UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Architecture

New Radio Access network needed mainly due to new radio access technology Core Network (CN) is based on GSM/GPRS
Uu interface Iub interface
RNC
NodeB
Radio Network Controller (RNC) corresponds roughly to the Base Station Controller (BSC) in GSM
Node B corresponds roughly to the Base Station in GSM
Term Node B is a relic from the first 3GPP releases
UE
CN
NodeB Iur interface
UE
NodeB
RNC
UTRAN
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Radio network controller (RNC)
Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g. the following
Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface Air interface scheduling Handover control Outer loop power control Call Admission Control Setting of initial powers and SIR targets Radio resource reservation Code allocation Load Control
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Node B
Main function to convert the data flow between Uu and Iub interfaces Some RRM tasks:
Measurements Inner loop power control
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Radio propagation and fading

A transmitted radio signal goes through several changes while traveling via air interface to the receiver
reflections, diffractions, phase shifts and attenuation
Due to length difference of the signal paths, multipath components of the signal arrive at different times to the receiver and can be combined either destructively or constructively
Depends on the phases of the multipath components
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Radio propagation and fading

Example of the fast fading channel of a function of time Opposite phases of two random multipath components arriving at the same time cancel each other out
Results in a fade
Coherent phases are combined constructively
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RAKE receiver
Every multipath component arriving at the receiver more than one chip time (0.26 s) apart can be distinguished by the RAKE receiver
0.26 s corresponds to 78 m in path length difference
RAKE assigns a finger to each received component (tap) and alters their phases based on a channel estimate so that the components can be combined constructively
Transmitted symbol Received symbol at each time slot Phase modified using the channel estimate Combined symbol
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
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Power Control in WCDMA

The purpose of power control (PC) is to ensure that each user receives and transmits just enough energy to have service but to prevent:
Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect) Exceeding reasonable interference levels
UE1 UE2
Without PC received power levels would be unequal

UE3
UE1 UE2
UE1 UE2 UE3
With ideal PC received power levels are equal
UE3
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1. Open loop power control

Only for the initial power setting of the MS Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal
2. Inner loop transmitter power control (CL TPC) at a rate of 1500 Hz

Mitigates fading processes (fast and slow fading) Tx power is adjusted up/down to reach SIR target Both in UL and DL Uses quality targets in MS / BS
3. Outer loop PC at the rate of 100 Hz

Sets the quality target used by the inner loop PC Compensates the changes in the propagation conditions Adjusts the quality target Both in UL and DL
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Inner loop power control in the uplink
Outer loop PC (running in the radio network controller, RNC) defines SIR target for the BS. If the measured SIR at BS is lower than the SIR-target, the MS is commanded to increases its transmit power. Otherwise MS is commanded to decrease its power Power control dynamics at the MS is 70 dB
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Inner loop power control in downlink:
Outer loop PC (running in the MS) defines SIR target for the MS If the measured SIR at the MS is lower than the SIR-target, the BS is commanded to increases its transmit power for that MS. Otherwise, BS is commanded to decrease its power. Power control rate 1500 Hz Power control dynamics is dependent on the service Theres no near-far problem in DL due to one-to-many scenario. However, it is desirable to provide a marginal amount of additional power to mobile stations at the cell edge, as they suffer from increased other-cell interference.
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Example of inner loop power control behavior:
With higher velocities channel fading is more rapid and 1500 Hz power control may not be sufficient
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Inner loop power control tries to keep the received SIR as close to the target SIR as possible. However, the constant SIR alone does not actually guarantee the required frame error rate (FER) which can be considered as the quality criteria of the link/service.
Theres no unique SIR that automatically gives a certain FER FER is a function of SIR, but also depends on mobility and propagation environment.
Therefore, the frame reliability information has to be delivered to outer loop control, which can tune the SIR target if necessary.
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Diversity
Transmitting on a single path only can lead to serious performance degradation due to fading As fading is independent between different times and spaces it is reasonable to use the available diversity of them to decrease the probability of a deep fade
The more there are paths to choose from, the less likely it is that all of them have a poor energy level
There exists different types of diversity which can be used to improve the quality, e.g.:
Multipath
RAKE receiver exploits taps arriving at different times
Macro
Different Node Bs send the same information
Site Selection Transmit Diversity (SSTD)

Maintain a list of available base stations and choose the best one, from which the transmission is received and tell the others not to transmit
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Diversity
Time
Same information is transmitted in different times
Receive antenna
Transmission is received with multiple antennas Power gain and diversity gain
Transmit antenna
Transmission is sent with multiple antennas
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WCDMA Handovers
WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different types
Intra-frequency handover
WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft, softer and hard handover supported
Inter-frequency handover
Handover between different frequencies (carriers) but within the same system E.g. from one WCDMA operator to another Only hard handover supported
Inter-system handover
Handover between WCDMA and another system, e.g. from WCDMA to GSM Only hard handover supported
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WCDMA Handovers
Soft handover
Handover between different Node Bs Several Node Bs transmit the same signal to the UE which combines the transmissions
Advantages: lower Tx power needed for each Node B and UE lower interference, battery saving for UE Disadvantage: resources (code, power) need to be reserved for the UE in each Node B Excess soft handovers limit the capacity
No interruption in data transmission Needs RNC duplicating frame transmissions to two Node Bs
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WCDMA Handovers
Softer handover
Handover between two sectors of the same Node B
Special case of a soft handover No need for duplicate frames
Hard handover
The source is released first and then new one is added Short interruption in data flow
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WCDMA Handovers
Some terminology
Active set (AS), represents the Node Bs to which the UE is in soft handover Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors but which are not already in active set
Triggering time_1 Triggering time_2 BS1 Received signal strength
Threshold_1 BS2
Threshold_2
BS1 dropped from the AS

BS2 from the NS reaches the threshold to be added to the AS
BS2 is still after the triggering time above threshold and thus added to the AS
BS1 from the AS reaches the threshold to be dropped from the AS
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Capacity and coverage
In WCDMA coverage and capacity are tight together:
When the load increases, the interference levels increases, too, and therefore also increased transmit powers are needed in order to keep constant quality. Due to finite power resources, the more users Node B serves the less power it has for each UE coverage will decrease
This leads to cell breathing: the coverage area changes as the load of the cell changes. Therefore, the coverage and the capacity have to be planned simultaneously Radio resource management (RRM) is needed in WCDMA to effectively control cell breathing.
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Capacity and coverage

Received power of one user as a function of users per cell Due to finite maximum Tx power of the UE coverage is usually limited by the uplink Node B does not have this problem
There is enough Tx power to transmit very far to a single user if necessary However, downlink Tx power is divided between all users and thus capacity is limited by the downlink
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WCDMA evolution
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Advanced receivers with HSDPA Advanced HSDPA scheduling
Femto cells with HSDPA
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The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) concept was added to Release 5 to support higher downlink data rates It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can also be used for traffic with tighter delay requirements. Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate 14.4 Mbit/s) Reduced retransmission delays Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler) Spectrally and code efficient solution
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HSDPA features
Agreed features in Release 5
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
QPSK or 16QAM
Multicode operation
Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms) Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
Chase Combining Incremental Redundancy
Fast packet scheduling at Node B

E.g. Round robin, Proportional fair
Features agreed in Release 7

Higher order modulation (64QAM) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
55 Timo Nihtil
Channel quality (CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) Data
Instantaneous EsNo [dB]
HSDPA - general principle
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
16QAM3/4 16QAM2/4 QPSK3/4 QPSK2/4 QPSK1/4
Time [number of TTIs]
UE
New base station functions HARQ retransmissions Modulation/coding selection Packet data scheduling (short TTI)
Users may be time and/or code multiplexed
Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback information from UE and knowledge of current traffic state.
56 Timo Nihtil
HSDPA functionality
Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node B
Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is dynamic and fast
Support for several parallel transmissions
When packet A is sent it starts to wait for an acknowledgement from the receiver, during which other packets can be sent via a parallel SAW (stopand-wait) channels
Pkt A Pkt B Pkt C Pkt D Pkt E Pkt F
Ack B
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HSDPA functionality
UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI messages (Channel Quality Indicator)
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HSDPA functionality
Node B can use channel state information for several purposes
In transport format (TFRC) selection
Modulation and coding scheme
Scheduling decisions
Non-blind scheduling algorithms can be utilized
HS-SCCH power control
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HSDPA channels
User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HSDSCH) Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control Channel (HS-SCCH) HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the scheduled UE of the transport format of the incoming transmission on HS-DSCH
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High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

Peak data rates increased to significantly higher than 2 Mbps; Theoretically reaching 5.8 Mbps Packet data throughput increased, though not as high throughput as with HSDPA Reduced delay from retransmissions.
Solutions Layer1 hybrid ARQ NodeB based scheduling for uplink Frame sizes 2ms & 10 ms Schedule in 3GPP Part of Release 6 First specifications version completed 12/04 In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (E-DCH)
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HSPA Peak Data Rates

Downlink HSDPA Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps Initial capability 1.8 3.6 Mbps
# of codes Modulation 5 codes 5 codes 10 codes 15 codes 15 codes QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM Max data rate 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.1 Mbps 14.4 Mbps
Uplink HSUPA Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps
Initial capability 1.46 Mbps

# of codes 2 x SF4 2 x SF2 2 x SF2 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 TTI 2 ms 10 ms 10 ms 2 ms 2 ms Max data rate 1.46 Mbps 2.0 Mbps 2.9 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
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Performance of advanced HSDPA features
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Advanced receivers with HSDPA

UE receiver experiences significant interference from different sources
In a reflective environment the signal interferes itself Neigboring base station signals interfere each other One solution to decrease mainly own base station signal interference is to use an equalizer before despreading
Own cell interference
Other cell interference
Own signal
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In a frequency-selective channel there is a significant amount of interfering multipaths Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) equalizer can be used to make an estimate of the original transmitted chip sequence before despreading
The interfering multipath components are removed The channel becomes flat again
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LMMSE equalizer (Equ in the figure) offers a very good performance for the user especially near the base station
Using antenna diversity (1x2) the throughput can be doubled compared to a single antenna Both techniques increase the cost of a mobile unit
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Advanced HSDPA scheduling

Node B has a limited amount of scheduling opportunities
The amount of data transmitted by the network must be maximized whilst offering the best possible quality of service to all users
The scheduling can be improved by an advanced algorithm
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Advanced HSDPA scheduling

An improved scheduling algorithm (Proportional Fair, PF) offers significant gain over a conventional algorithm (Round Robin, RR) PF has a very good pricequality ratio
User equipment needs no changes Node Bs need only minor changes
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Femtocells
More and more consumers want to use their mobile devices at home, even when theres a fixed line available
Providing full or even adequate mobile residential coverage is a significant challenge for operators Mobile operators need to seize residential minutes from fixed line providers, and compete with fixed and emerging VoIP and WiFi services => There is trend in discussing very small indoor, home and campus NodeB layouts
Femtocells are cellular access points (for limited access group) that connect to a mobile operators network using residential DSL or cable broadband connections Femtocells enable capacity equivalent to a full 3G network sector at very low transmit powers, dramatically increasing battery life of existing phones, without needing to introduce WiFi enabled handsets
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Femtocells
The study considers the system performance of an HSDPA network consisting of macro cells and very low transmit power (femto) cells The impact of using 64QAM in addition to QPSK and 16QAM in order to benefit from the high SINR is studied The network performance is investigated with different portions of users created in the buildings (0100%)
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Femtocells
Femtocells provide maximum of 1517 % gain to network throughput already without dedicated indoor users The gain is visible with high load in the network and comes directly from the increased number of access points in the network Table: Network throughput gain of femto cells to macro users Offered load Scheme
Medium
Rake 1x1 Rake 1x2 Equ 1x1 3% -1 % -2 % -1 %
High
8% 19 % 18 % 3%
Congested
15 % 13 % 15 % 17 %
Average load of a cell is decreased and users can be scheduled more often
Equ 1x2
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Femtocells
When the amount of dedicated indoor users increase, the gain of femto cells explodes Gain is in the range of hundreds of percents even with small portion of indoor users
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WCDMA, HSPA and advanced receivers

Timo Nihtil, Ph.Lic. (Ph.D. def.)

Readings related to the subject

Network planning oriented

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Why new radio access system

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Frequency allocations for UMTS

Expected air interfaces and spectrums, source: WCDMA for UMTS

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

WCDMA Background and Evolution

Release 6, end of 04/beginning of 05

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

WCDMA Background and Evolution

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Evolution of Mobile standards

WCDMA FDD GSM HSCSD GPRS

HSDPA/ HSUPA LTE

TD-CDMA TDD HCR

TD-SCDMA TDD LCR

cdma2000 1XEV - DO cdmaOne (IS-95) cdma2000 cdma2000 1XEV - DV

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Current WCDMA markets

Over 3.5 billion wireless users worldwide

GSM+WCDMA share currently over 88 % (www.umts-forum.org)

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Current WCDMA markets

Over 200 million WCDMA subscribers globally (04/08) (www.umts-forum.org)

Number of subscribers is constantly increasing

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Multiple Access Schemes

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Length of a channelization code

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Receiving (Rx) side with DS

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Processing gain and Spreading

Despread narrowband signal

Transmitted signal before spreading

Spread wideband signal

Received signal before despreading

Interference for the part we are interested in

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Processing gain and Spreading

Received signal after despreading but before filtering

Frequency Power density (Watts/Hz)

Received signal after despreading and after filtering

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Processing gain and Spreading

Processing gain when the processing loss is taken into account is

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Processing gain and Spreading

TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008

Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)

Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time