Exam #2 Review

Dr. Holbert March 27, 2006

ECE201 Exam #2 Review

Dont Forget the Fundamentals

Polarity and Passive Sign Convention Ohms Law; KCL; KVL Voltage and Current Division Phasors, Impedance, and Complex numbers

ECE201 Exam #2 Review

Steps of Nodal Analysis

1. Choose a reference (ground) node, V=0. 2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes. 3. Apply KCL to each node V1 V2 but the reference node; Z express currents in terms of node voltages. V1 V2 4. Solve the resulting system I Z of linear equations.
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Steps of Mesh/Loop Analysis

1. Identify mesh (loops). 2. Assign a current to each mesh. I2 3. Apply KVL around each VZ + loop to get an equation in Z terms of the loop currents. I1 4. Solve the resulting system VZ = (I1 - I2 ) Z of linear equations.
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Nodal and Loop Analyses

Nodal Analysis Recipe 1&2) Identify and label N nodal voltages plus the ground node (V=0) 3) Apply KCL at N nodes (supernode makes constraint eq.) 4) Solve for the nodal voltages Loop Analysis Recipe 1&2) Identify and label N mesh currents 3) Apply KVL at the N meshes 4) Solve for the mesh currents

ECE201 Exam #2 Review

Linearity
More important as a concept than as an analysis methodology, but allows scaling of current/voltage values Leads to superposition:
In any linear circuit containing multiple independent sources, the current or voltage at any point in the circuit may be calculated as the algebraic sum of the individual contributions of each source acting alone.
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Superposition Procedure
1. For each independent voltage and current source (repeat the following): a) Replace the other independent voltage sources with a short circuit (i.e., V = 0). b) Replace the other independent current sources with an open circuit (i.e., I = 0). Note: Dependent sources are not changed! c) Calculate the contribution of this particular voltage or current source to the desired output parameter. 2. Algebraically sum the individual contributions (current and/or voltage) from each independent source.
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Source Transformation
Z VS
+

IS

VS = Z IS

ECE201 Exam #2 Review

Thevenin/Norton Analysis
1. Pick a good breaking point in the circuit (cannot split a dependent source and its control variable).
2. Thevenin: Compute the open circuit voltage, VOC. Norton: Compute the short circuit current, ISC. For case 3(b) both VOC=0 and ISC=0 [so skip step 2]

ECE201 Exam #2 Review

Thevenin/Norton Analysis
3. Compute the Thevenin equivalent resistance, RTh (or impedance, ZTh). (a) If there are only independent sources, then short circuit all the voltage sources and open circuit the current sources (just like superposition). (b) If there are only dependent sources, then must use a test voltage or current source in order to calculate RTh (or ZTh) = VTest/Itest (c) If there are both independent and dependent sources, then compute RTh (or ZTh) from VOC/ISC.
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Thevenin/Norton Analysis
4. Thevenin: Replace circuit with VOC in series with RTh, ZTh. Norton: Replace circuit with ISC in parallel with RTh, ZTh. Note: for 3(b) the equivalent network is merely RTh (or ZTh), that is, no voltage (or current) source.

Only steps 2 & 4 differ from Thevenin & Norton!

ECE201 Exam #2 Review

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Thevenin/Norton Analysis
ZTh Voc
+

Isc

ZTh

Thevenin equivalent circuit

Norton equivalent circuit

ECE201 Exam #2 Review

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