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Financial System
Financial system can be defined as a set of : Institutions Instruments and Markets which foster savings and channel them to the most efficient use. The financial system consists of all financial intermediaries and financial markets and their relations with respect to the flow of funds to and from households, governments, business firms, and foreigners, as well as the financial infrastructure.
Financial System
The financial system is a collection of markets, institutions, law, regulations and techniques through which bonds, stocks and other securities are traded, interest rates are determined and financial services are produced and delivered.
The services that are provided by the finance industry can be termed as the financial services. Financial services refer to the array of business activities operating with money management. The financial services sector is made up of the banking sector and nonbanking sector (insurance sector, capital market and global business sector). The financial services sector can be onshore or offshore financial centres.
Financial System
In a nutshell, a financial system is a densely interconnected network of financial intermediaries, facilitators, and markets that serves three major purposes: -allocating capital, -sharing risks, and -facilitating inter-temporal trade
Direct Finance
Direct finance occurs if a sector in need of funds borrows from another sector via a financial market . In direct financing borrowers and savers exchange money and financial instruments directly. -Borrowers issue financial claims (they are claims against someone elses money at a future date) on themselves and sell directly to savers for money. The savers hold the financial claims as interest bearing instruments and they can sell it in financial markets. Upon agreed time or maturity date borrowers have to give back the savers principle plus the agreed interest rate. With indirect finance, a financial intermediary obtains funds from savers and uses these savings to make loans to a sector in need of finance.
Indirect Finance
With indirect finance, a financial intermediary obtains funds from savers and uses these savings to make loans to a sector in need of finance. -Borrowers borrow indirectly from lenders via financial intermediaries by issuing financial instruments which are claims on the borrowers future income or assets.
Financial Instruments
Indirect Financial Market Commercial Banks
Capital Market
Money Market
Finance Companies
Insurance Companies
Bond Market
Equity Market
Financial Intermediation
Financial intermediation consists of channeling funds between surplus and deficit agents. In other words, it is the channeling of funds from households, firms and governments who have surplus funds (savers) to those who have a shortage of funds (borrowers).
Financial intermediation is a process that occurs when a financial intermediary borrows money from one source to loan to another source for investment, funding or resources. Through the process of financial intermediation, certain assets or liabilities are transformed into different assets or liabilities.
Disintermediation
Disintermediation is the removal of intermediaries from a process. In such cases, investment of the lending of money is done directly via the financial markets whereby the middleman is removed.
Financial Intermediaries
Financial intermediaries act as the middleman for joining two unrelated parties in investing and growth. Most frequently, this process is completed through a financial institution.
Financial intermediaries are coalitions of agents that combine to provide financial services, such as commercial banks, credit unions, insurance companies, finance companies, mutual funds, pension funds, etc.
Financial Intermediaries
Financial institutions can be divided into two types: - depository and - non-depository. Depository consists of traditional banks, credit unions, and savings and loan depositories. They accept deposit and make loans acting as intermediaries in matching lenders and borrowers. Non-depository are made up of financial advisors and brokers, insurance companies, life insurance companies, mutual funds, and pension funds.
Conflicting Needs
Most lenders prefer lending short-term Most borrowers prefer borrowing long-term That is why most intermediation is done indirectly, where intermediaries understand and reconcile the different needs of lenders and borrowers.
Transaction Costs
Transaction costs are classified into: 1) costs of search and information, Search cost can be classified as explicit costs which include expenses that may be needed to advertise ones intention to sell or purchase a financial instrument; and implicit costs which include the value of time spent in locating counterparty to the transaction Information costs are associated with assessing a financial instruments investment attributes. In a price efficient market, prices reflect the aggregate information collected by all market participants
Transaction Costs
2) costs of contracting and monitoring They are related to the costs necessary to resolve information asymmetry problems, when the two parties entering into the transaction possess limited information on each other and seek to ensure that the transaction obligations are fulfilled. 3) costs of incentive problems between buyers and sellers of financial assets. These arise when there are conflicts of interest between the two parties, having different incentives for the transactions involving financial assets. Financial intermediaries can substantially reduce transaction costs because they have developed expertise in lowering them, and because their large size allows them to take advantage of economies of scale.
Asymmetry of information refers to a situation where one party to a market transaction has much more information about a product or service than the other for example when a seller (borrower, a seller of securities) knows more than a buyer (lender or investor, a buyer of securities). This lead to the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection. In the case of moral hazard, there is a tendency of one party to a contract to alter his/her behaviour in ways that are costly to the other party while with adverse selection, information known by the first party to a contract is unknown to the second and, as a result, the second party incurs major costs.
Asymmetric of Information
Asymmetric of Information
Financial intermediaries are usually equip with a better credit risk screening than individuals. This help in reducing losses due to wrong investment decision making. Financial intermediaries have developed expertise in monitoring the parties they lend to, thus reducing losses due to moral hazard.
Risk Sharing
Financial intermediaries create and sell assets with low risk characteristics and then use the funds to purchase other assets that may have far more risk. This process of risk sharing is called asset transformation, risky assets are turned into safer assets for investors. Another way of risk sharing provided by Financial intermediaries is through diversification. Financial intermediaries invest in a collection of assets whose return do not always move together, with the result that overall risk is lower than for individual assets.