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Contents
Introduction to HSDPA/HSUPA
Motivation Position in UMTS system DCH and DSCH HS-DSCH New features Performance
(1/2)
MAC-HS
Radio Access Network Architecture MAC Layer Architecture (Release 6: HSDPA + HSUPA) MAC-hs and MAC-e/es
Contents
Mobility in HSDPA
Mobility in general Mobility in HSDPA
(2/2)
Introduction to HSDPA/HSUPA
Motivation
Sophisticated UE applications need higher bit rates Primary target of HSDPA/HSUPA is to enhance system throughput with minimum changes in network architecture Is an extension to WCDMA Release (99)
Release 4 (99)
DCH + DSCH (current situation)
Release 5
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
Release 6
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)
DCH has fixed spreading factor (SF) DSCH has variable SF DSCH may be fast power controlled as DCH is DSCH does not support soft handovers DSCH has been designed to operate always together with a DCH
Data with tight delay budget (e.g. speech) DCH Packet data DSCH
HS-DSCH
The Release 5 with HSDPA concept includes a new channel High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) Two fundamental features of WCDMA are disabled:
Variable SF Fast Power Control
New features
Shared channel transmission
HS-DSCH (high speed downlink shared channel) Supports up to 15 codes parallel Fixed spreading factor (16) Works in parallel to DCH
(1/2)
Higher-order modulation
QPSK 16-QAM
New features
Fast link adaptation
Adjusts transmission parameters not TX power! Users near Node B: QPSK 16QAM (for example)
(2/2)
Fast scheduling
Allocates the use of shared channel to UEs with best radio conditions at certain time moment (Multi User Diversity) Scheduling is done at Node-B instead of RNC
10
Performance
The primary benefit of HSDPA is improved end-user experience (higher bit rates, reduced roundtrip times) The benefit of HSDPA to operators is improved system capacity H-ARQ and TTI will make small object TCP traffic faster (reduced roundtrip times)
Link adaptation maximizes channel usage and enables the base station to operate close to maximum cell power
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(1/2)
Flow control mechanism is needed in Iub interface between Node B and RNC to ensure correct Node B data buffering (to prevent data losses at Node B)
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(2/2)
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DTCH
MAC-d
MAC-es / MAC-e
MAC-m
MAC-hs
MAC-c/sh/m
FACH
HS-DSCH PCH FACH CPCH ( FDD only ) FACH RACH Associated Uplink Signalling
USCH
DCH
DCH
( TDD only )
MAC Control
MAC Control
MCCH MTCH BCCH CTCH CCCH SHCCH PCCH MSCH MAC Control TDD only
MAC-es
MAC -d
Configuration without MAC c/sh Configuration with MAC c/sh
MAC -e
MAC -hs
MAC-c/sh/m
PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH USCH USCH DSCH DSCH Iur or local Iub FDD only TDD only TDD only Associated Uplink Signalling
DCH
DCH
From network
Priority Queue
Priority Queue
Priority Queue
Priority Queue
MAC Control
HARQ entity
TFRC selection
HS-DSCH
To UE
17
To UE
MAC Control Disassembly Reordering Disassembly Reordering
HARQ
From network
HS-DSCH Associated Uplink Signalling
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MAC-d Flows
MAC-e
MAC Control
HARQ entity generates ACKs and NACKs E-DCH Scheduling function manages cell resources between UEs De-multiplexer separates MAC-e PDUs to MAC-es PDUs and forwards them in the associated MAC-d flow (to SRNC)
Associated Uplink Signalling
HARQ entity
From UE
Associated Downlink Signalling E-DCH
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To MAC-d
MAC-es
Disassembly
Disassembly
Disassembly
MAC Control
Reordering/ Combining
Reordering/ Combining
Reordering/ Combining
MAC-d flow #1
MAC-d flow #n
From Node-B
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HARQ
Associated Scheduling Downlink Signalling (E-AGCH / E-RGCH(s)) Associated ACK/NACK signaling (E-HICH)
To network
Associated Uplink Signalling E-TFC (E-DPCCH)
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Mobility in HSDPA
Mobility in general
Mobility:
Due to user movement in network
UE speed UE travel distance
What is the best way to make a handover when UE changes between cells?
Hard handover is simple but maybe not so effective Soft handover is more complicated in network point of view but usually
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Mobility in HSDPA
(1/7)
No soft handovers in HS-DSCH HSDPA control channels are sent via only one of the radio links assigned to UE (from serving HS-DSCH cell) UTRAN determines the serving HS-DSCH cell for an HSDPA capable UE Synchronized change of serving HS-DSCH cell is supported between UTRAN and UE connectivity is achieved if UE moves from one cell to another Serving HS-DSCH cell change is triggered by UE measurement reports and determined by UTRAN UTRAN (RNC) dictates the time moment when serving cell is changed This gives full mobility and coverage to exploit the advantages for HSDPA over Release 4 channels Serving HS-DSCH cell can be changed:
Without changing users active set for Release 4 dedicated channels In combination with establishment, release or reconfiguration of Release 4 dedicated channels
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Mobility in HSDPA
Measurement event for best serving HS-DSCH cell (1d) Reports the best serving HS-DSCH cell to the serving RNC
Based on P-CPICH Ec/Io or RSCP measurements
(2/7)
Hysteresis margin can be used to avoid fast change of serving HSDSCH cell Cell Individual Offset value (CIO) can be used to favour certain cells (to increase cells coverage area)
25
Mobility in HSDPA
Three handover types
Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH handover Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH handover HS-DSCH to DCH handover
(3/7)
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Mobility in HSDPA
Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover
(4/7)
Node-B and UE are informed about incoming handover by SRNC Time moment for the handover is specified by the SRNC All transmission from the source cell stops at that specified time and the packet scheduler in the target cell is then allowed to control transmission to UE MAC-hs preservation:
Buffered data (for H-ARQ protocol: data waiting acknowledgement or new PDUs) in source cell is moved to target cell inside the Node B no data loss! H-ARQ manager will continue without breaks or retransmissions No higher layer retransmissions (e.g. from RLC protocol)
27
Mobility in HSDPA
(5/7)
Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover Node Bs are potentially under different RNC Node-Bs, target cell RNC and UE are informed about incoming handover by current SRNC At the time of cell change (usually 300-500ms from the RNC decision []), the MAC-hs for the user in the source cell is reset (user data in buffers is deleted) At the same time the MAC-hs flow control unit in target cell starts to request PDUs from the new SRNC Higher layer retransmissions (RLC) are needed to recover the data that was destroyed in buffer reset If RLC is used in unacknowledged mode and if user application does not have retransmission mechanisms, some data is lost forever when a handover occurs!
28
Mobility in HSDPA
HS-DSCH to DCH Handover
(6/7)
Needed when user moves from HSDPA capable cell to a cell that does not support HSDPA Node Bs, target cell RNC and the user are informed about incoming handover event Buffers in Node B are reset as in previous case and similar retransmissions are required because of lost buffer data Transmission continues in DCH
29
Mobility in HSDPA
(7/7)
Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HSDSCH No buffer forwarding SRNC RLC retransmissions No (if RLC acknowledged mode is used)
HS-DSCH to DCH
No buffer forwarding SRNC RLC retransmissions No (if RLC acknowledged mode is used)
30
References (1)
[1] [2] [3] Holma, Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS 3GPP TS 25.321 V.6.3.0, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification, Release 6 3GPP TS 25.308 V6.3.0, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Overall description, Release 6 Ericsson, WCDMA Evolved, The first step - WCDMA, White paper, 2004
[4]
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Mobility Studies
Studied papers: [5] [6] [7] [8] Pedersen, Toskala, Mogensen, Mobility Management and Capasity Analysis for High Speed Downlink Packet Access in WCDMA, Pedersen, Lootsma, Stttrup, Frederiksen, Kolding, Mogensen, Network Performance of Mixed Traffic on High Speed Downlink Packet Access and Dedicated Channels in WCDMA Ramiro-Moreno, Pedersen, Mogensen, Network Performance of Transmit Diversity in HSDPA under Different Packet Scheduling Strategies
Bertinelli, Malkamki, HARQ FOR WCDMA ENHANCED UPLINK: LINK LEVEL PERFORMANCE IN SHO
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(1/4)
PDCH: average required TX power to serve a user on DCH with given average bit rate PHSDPA : average required TX power to serve a user on HSDPA with same bit rate
Constant TX power is assigned to HS-DSCH and it is time shared between HSDPA users average TX power to serve a user depends from scheduling strategy Two cases are considered
Blind scheduling
User is scheduled independently of radio channel conditions (Round Robin schduler)
Intelligent scheduling
User is only scheduled in good fast fading conditions (Proportional Fair scheduler)
(2/4)
HSDPA bearer gain is slightly lower in SHO case (with average branch power ratio 0 dB) because the DCH benefits from additional diversity that SHO provides In branch power ratio of 3 dB case, the SHO gain on the DCH turns into a loss since the DCH is assumed to be transmitted with equal power from two cells even though there is an unbalance of 3 dB between SHO legs
PDCH PHSDPA
(3/4)
Q: a fraction of total Node B power allocated to HSDPA (Q = 0.75 here) P: probability of users in SHO or non-SHO situations (got from SHO statistics figure, 0.6, 0.4) W: HSDPA bearer gains (got from the figures shown before, 2.7, 2.6) If proportional fair (PF) scheduler is used, the cell capasity gain is:
Gain PF C Gain FT
C: additional gain from given higher bit rates to users near the Node B (C = 1.3 here)
39
(4/4)
Case 1: direct change of best serving HS-DSCH cell (all users using HSDSCH)
GainPF = 2.59
Case 2 results indicate decreased HSDPA cell capasity gain if mobility for HSDPA users is supported via channel switching to DCH as users move to SHO area According to these simulations the best solution is to use direct change of the serving HS-DSCH cell during handover If switching to DCH is needed for some reason, one should minimize the SHO areas by using small SHO window to keep the HSDPA capasity gain at high levels
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HSUPA simulations
Simulation parameters: Channel model :
Pedestrian A (3km/h) Vehicular A (30km/h)
44
HSUPA simulations
In Veh A case, the MDC gain is more limited than in Pedestrian A case, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5dB. This fact can be explained considering that VehA model includes much more diversity than PedA. The gain due to macro diversity (exploited at the RNC), still present, is therefore more limited than in the Ped A case.
45
HSUPA simulations
It is clear from figure on the left that the best choice, in the example considered, is using 144kbps, with a resulting lower received SNR (and then increased capacity for the system). Conclusion
The use of HARQ cannot quarantee high margin of gain over pure ARQ for low data rate services: its use is much more convenient for higher data rates (e.g. 144/384kbps or even higher).
46
References (2)
[5] [6] [7] [8] Pedersen, Toskala, Mogensen, Mobility Management and Capasity Analysis for High Speed Downlink Packet Access in WCDMA, Pedersen, Lootsma, Stttrup, Frederiksen, Kolding, Mogensen, Network Performance of Mixed Traffic on High Speed Downlink Packet Access and Dedicated Channels in WCDMA Ramiro-Moreno, Pedersen, Mogensen, Network Performance of Transmit Diversity in HSDPA under Different Packet Scheduling Strategies
Bertinelli, Malkamki, HARQ FOR WCDMA ENHANCED UPLINK: LINK LEVEL PERFORMANCE IN SHO
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