Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt%Cu - wt%Ni), and --a temperature (T)
then...
How many phases do we get? What is the composition of each phase? How much of each phase do we get?
Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions that result (e.g., a and b).
AluminumCopper Alloy
Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B. Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D.
watersugar system
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Tell us about phases as function of T, Co, P. For this course:
--binary systems: just 2 components. --independent variables: T and Co (P = 1atm is always used).
Phase Diagram for Cu-Ni system
Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1991).
Examples:
Cu-Ni phase diagram
Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991).
Examples:
Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
Examples:
Cu-Ni system
S 43 35 73wt % WL R S 43 32 Wa R R S
= 27wt%
Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
A geometric interpretation:
moment equilibrium:
WLR WaS 1 Wa
solving gives Lever Rule
9
11
--Peak as a function of Co
--Min. as a function of Co
12
BINARY-EUTECTIC SYSTEMS
2 components
Adapted from Fig. 9.6, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.6 adapted from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.) 13
Adapted from Fig. 9.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.) 14
Adapted from Fig. 9.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.) 15
--polycrystal of a grains.
16
Pb-Sn system
Adapted from Fig. 9.10, Callister 6e.
17
Pb-Sn system
Adapted from Fig. 9.12, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.12 from Metals Handbook, Vol. 9, 9th ed., Metallography and Microstructures, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.) Adapted from Fig. 9.11, Callister 6e.
18
Pb-Sn system
19
(Figs. 9.12 and 9.15 from Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructures, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.)
20
(Adapted from Fig. 9.24, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.24 from Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructures, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.)
Adapted from Fig. 9.21,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
21
HYPOEUTECTOID STEEL
Adapted from Figs. 9.21 and 9.26,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-inChief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
Adapted from Fig. 9.27,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.27 courtesy Republic Steel Corporation.)
22
HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL
Adapted from Figs. 9.21 and 9.29,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-inChief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
Adapted from Fig. 9.30,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.30 copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.)
23
Adapted from Fig. 9.31,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.31 from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals, 1939, p. 127.)
Adapted from Fig. 9.32,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.32 from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals, 1939, p. 127.)
24
APPLICATION: REFRACTORIES
Need a material to use in high temperature furnaces. Consider Silica (SiO2) - Alumina (Al2O3) system. Phase diagram shows:
mullite, alumina, and crystobalite (made up of SiO2) tetrahedra as candidate refractories.
2200 T(C)
3Al 2 O 3 -2SiO 2 Liquid (L) mullite alumina + L mullite +L mullite + crystobalite
Adapted from Fig. 12.27, Callister 6e. (Fig. 12.27 is adapted from F.J. Klug and R.H. Doremus, "Alumina Silica Phase Diagram in the Mullite Region", J. American Ceramic Society 70(10), p. 758, 1987.)
20 00 1800
crystobalite +L
1600 1400
alumina + mullite
20
1. 60% A | 20% B | 20% C = 100% 2. 25% A | 40% B | 35% C = 100% 3. 10% A | 70% B | 20% C = 100% 4. 0.0% A | 25% B | 75% C = 100%
5. 6. 7. 8. ? % A | ? % B | ? % C = 100% ? % A | ? % B | ? % C = 100% ? % A | ? % B | ? % C = 100% ? % A | ? % B | ? % C = 100%
5. 6. 7. 8.
SUMMARY
Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
--the number and types of phases, --the wt% of each phase, --and the composition of each phase
26