PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PAPER-I

TOPIC
Waste minimization techniques Catalysis and green chemistry

Waste Minimization techniques

The team Approach to Waste Minimization Process Design for Waste Minimization Minimizing Waste from Existing Processes

Waste Minimization techniques

Legislation-setting framework for waste minimization.

Encourages cleaner technology-environmental taxes and

regulations-Integrated Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC). Waste minimization legislative framework-primarily responsibility of corporation Eg: UK,ICI/Zeneca programme (1990s) Focuses simple,cost effective reducing water, energy and chemical use repairing leaking valves and good house keeping.

The team approach to waste Minimization

Manufacture of new product-initially-small team of

chemists
Steps adopted-vary in sophistication-industry sector and

product

General steps adopted

Literature & patent search to see how the product has

been made before.

Identification of options that are free from patents Assesment on chosen routes Experimental work to assess if chosen routes work Further literature & experimental work to refine route

 Laboratory scale-up to provide material for application

testing.
Discussion of production/scale-up with engineers Refinement of route based on engineering input. Variable and capital cost assesment/business approval Carry out hazard & operability studies(HAZOP) and other

Safety, Health and Environmental studies (SHE)

 Production of pilot plant batches Modification/construction of production plant Transfer technology to production department

Role of team in developing a new process

Chemist
Yield
Purity Selectivity By-product identification

Mechanism

Chemical engineer
Flow sheet Heat and mass transfer Process costs Equipment choice Product isolation

Production
Operability
Convenience for shifts Operator safety Materials handling

SHE
Emissions Waste treatment

Regulatory compliance
Operator safety

Business
Production cost Waste disposal cost Product packaging Product liability

Process design for Waste Minimization

ReactionA Filtration Reaction B Distillation Filtration & washing ambient temp. Vacuum drying Product

Evaluation of flow sheet

Volume of waste

Nature of waste
Mass balance Product contaminants Outline material costs Complexity of processing and associated costs Requirement of any special equipment Energy requirements Toxicity/handling issues

Minimizing waste from Existing Processes

Phase transfer catalysis (PTC)

Refers to the trasfer of ions or organic molecules

between two liquid phases(usually water-organic) or a liquid and a solid using a catalyst as a transport shuttle. Most common water-organic system must have appropriate hydrophilic-lyophilic balance Most useful catalyst for this system: quaternary ammonium salts Commonly used catalyst for solid-liquid system: crown ethers and poly(glycol ethers)

Phase Transfer Catalysis

Green advantages in using PTC

Higher productivity Higher selectivity Ease of product separation Use of less hazardous solvents

Biocatalyst
Refers to catalysis by enzymes.
Enzyme introduced into the reaction in purified isolated

form or whole cell micro-organism.

Aspects of enzyme catalysis relevant to Green chemistry

Property
Fast reaction due to correct

Green chemistry relevance

Faster throughout Possibility for asymmetric

catalyst orientation Orientation of site gives to high stereospecificity High degree of substrate specificity due to limited flexibility of active site Water soluble Naturally occuring Natural operation under conditions found in body Possibility for tandem reactions when using whole organisms

synthesis High degree of selectivity Opportunity for aqueous phase reaction Non-toxic,low hazard catalysts Enery efficient reactions under moderate conditions of pH,temp etc Possibility for carrying out sequential one-pot syntheses

Acrylamide production

Photocatalysis
Refers to the activation of semiconductors by light.
Light is not acting as a catalyst but as a source of energy

to activate the catalyst. Light of suitable wavelength-promotion of electronsvalence band to conduction band. Photon must have an energy greater than the band gap energy. Titanium dioxide-most popular semiconductor.

Photocatalysis

Complete mineralization

REFERENCES
Mike Lancaster,Green Chemistry An Introductory

Text,Royal Society of Chemistry

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6670158.html http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/ee/b808

138g/unauth#!divAbstract
www.google.com