Electronic Instruments and Measurement Techniques

By Prof. Y. P. Jadhav. Dept. of Physics Smt. C. H. M. College, Ulhasnagar-3

There are different electronic instruments used for Testing and Measuring purpose

Multimeter- Analog & Digital CRO Signal Generator Power supply

Multimeter
The single instrument design to measure voltage, current and resistance is often called Multimeter or Volt-Ohm-Milli Ammeter (VOM). It is a prim instument used everywhere for Testing and measuring purposes.

Types of Multimeters: - VTVM ( Vacuum Tube Volt Meter) - Analog Multimeter - Digital Multimeter

Analog Multimeter
It is the instrument that uses meter movement (PMMC) , called DARSONVAL movement, to indicate the magnitude of the quantity under measurement on a continuous scale. Quantity under measurement is proportional to the current through meter movement. Accuracy: 1% f.s.d. Overall 3% Zero to midscale 5 % midscale to f.s.d. 10% f.s.d. of f.s.d to f.s.d Use: Measurement of resistance, d.c. & a.c. voltage and current Comments: Low input impedance, Good ranges Loading effect must be taken in to account in medium and high impedance circuits.

Digital Multimeter
The digital multimeter converts an analogue input signal into its digital equivalent (using A/D convertor) and displays it (using LED or LCD Display) Accuracy: As high as 0.005% of the reading Use: Measurement of resistance, d.c. & a.c. voltage and current, frequency, capacitance, inductance, hfe , diode forward voltage drop, Conductance (Continuity testing), testing of semiconductor devices etc. Comments: High accuracy, Good ranges, digital readout- increases reading speed and eliminates human error, high precision or resolution if number of digits used in display are increased, auto ranging and direct interfacing to microprocessor & computer

Who Invented the Oscilloscope?

Dr. Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850 1918)
The German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun, b. June 6, 1850, d. Apr. 20, 1918. shared the 1909 Nobel Prize for physics with Guglielmo Marconi for his work in developing the radio. Braun, who spent his career as a professor of physics at German universities, increased the range of Marconi's transmitter, invented the crystal rectifier ( a device that allows current to flow in only one direction, and improves radio transmission ), and later invented the oscilloscope, a cathode-ray-tube laboratory device that was the forerunner of today's television and radar tubes. Source: The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

The word Oscilloscope is an etymological hybrid from latin word Oscillare swing backward and forward & greek word Skopein to
observe, aim at or to examine.

Two basic phenomena are responsible for success of scope:

i) A mass less electron beam, which upon striking a suitable fluorescent screen emits light irrespective of the rate of change of beams ii) The persistence of vision of human eye.

Classification:
A) Free running oscilloscope for visual alignments B) Triggered sweep type for pulse width
measurements

Use: Very versatile Testing and measuring instrument

Measuring capabilities: 1) Waveform analysis: Waveform identification and classification, time
measurements, rise-time measurements, pulse-width measurements, dutycycle measurements, repetition-rate measurements, tilt measurements, band-width measurements, transient characteristics and steady state characteristics etc.

2) Amplitude measurements (ac & dc) : Peak-to-peak

measurements, Peak Voltage measurements

Voltage

3) Frequency/ Time measurements: Linear time base

measurements and lissajous figures

4) Phase measurements: lissajous figures and dual trace

measurements.

5) Testing of electronic components: like resistor,

capacitor, semiconductor devices etc.

Front Panel Controls of CRO:

Display: 8 cm X 10 cm fluorescence screen
Zinc Silicate Green Calcium Tungstate Blue-violate CH1/CH2 Attenuator (Volt/Div): 12 step compensated Blue to (long attenuator fromZnS 2 mV/div 10 persistence) V/div

Power On: Puts

the instrument to mains supply, with

LED indication Time Base: 18 step switch to enable Intensity : Controls brightness of Time Base variable : In calibrated position selection of calibrated sweep from display The selected sweep holds indicated calibration. 0.5 sec/div to 0.2 sec/div Focus: Controls the sharpness of It expands the sweep speed by 2.5 times approx. display With LED indicator

Level: Variable control, Selects the trigger point Front Panel Controls
on the displayed waveform

of CRO:

Auto/Norm: In Auto mode the trace is

displayed in absence of input signal. The display is then automatically triggered for the signal above 30 Hz depending upon correct setting of Level Control

INT/EXT : INT- Position: Display is triggered from

signals derived from Controls CH1;CH2 orvertical Line trigger EXT- Triggering from external position of any display source fed through EXT TRIG (BNC) Socket

LINE: Triggers from power line frequency. TV: Triggers from low frequency components of TV signals Position: Controls horizontal : Selects trigger point from + or slop of the
position of display displayed waveform

Front Panel Controls of CRO:

3 2 1

8 7

5 6

1. CH1/CH2: Selects trigger signal in INT mode to triggered

CH1/CH2

2. X5: It magnifies vertical sweep 5 times. 3. X/Y: when pressed, converts CH2 input in to X channel and
CH1 input to Y channel, hence enables the use of scope into X Y mode.

4. Call Out(0.2V,1KHz): 200mV, 1KHz calibration signal

used to check the calibration of time-base.

5. ac/dc/GND : selects ac or dc input coupling. GND- grounds

the amplifier input but input signal is open circuited.

6. INPUT CH1/Y, CH2/X : Input terminals to CH1/Y, CH2/X

inputs

7. TRACE: Screw driver control to adjust horizontal tilt of the

trace

8. CT & CT-IN : For component Testing

9. Amplifier Mode Switch: a) ALT/CHOP: selects switching mode for the two
channels while in DUAL mode. b) DUAL/MONO: DUAL operates as a DUAL trace scope in ALT or CHOP mode as selected. c) ADD: IN DUAL mode when ADD switch is pressed, signals of CH1 & CH2 are algebraically added

IN DUAL mode when ADD and CH2 INV switches are pressed, signals of CH1 & CH2 are algebraically subtracted. d) CH2 INV: when pressed, the polarity of CH2 is inverted.

REAR PANEL:
1. Z Modulation: A variable ac signal of 30V (p - p) can
be applied externally to controlled intensity of beam

2. Line Fuse: 400 mA slow blown fuse 3. GND: Ground terminal back.

4. CABBINATE FEET: For neatly storing power cord.

Accessories for CRO