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EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 5th edition
Introduction
One major challenge to homeostasis posed by exercise is the increased muscular demand for oxygen During heavy exercise, oxygen demands may by 15 to 25 times Two major adjustments of blood flow are;
Objectives
Give an overview of the design and function of the circulatory system Describe cardiac cycle & associated electrical activity recorded via electrocardiogram Discuss the pattern of redistribution of blood flow during exercise Outline the circulatory responses to various types of exercise
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Objectives
Identify the factors that regulate local blood flow during exercise List & discuss those factors responsible for regulation of stroke volume during exercise Discuss the regulation of cardiac output during exercise
2. 3.
Transport O2 to tissues and removal of waste Transport of nutrients to tissues Regulation of body temperature
Heart
Pumps blood Carry blood away from the heart Exchange of nutrients with tissues Carry blood toward the heart
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Capillaries
Fig 9.1
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The Myocardium
Fig 9.2
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Fig 9.3
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Fig 9.4
Expressed as systolic/diastolic
Normal is 120/80 mmHg High is 140/90 mmHg Pressure generated during ventricular contraction (systole) Pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation (diastole)
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Diastolic pressure
Blood Pressure
Pulse pressure
Fig 9.5
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Fig 9.6
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Fig 9.7
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Electrocardiogram
QRS complex
T-wave
Electrocardiogram
Fig 9.9
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Fig 9.10
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Fig 9.8
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Abnormal ECG
Fig 9.8
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Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
Q = HR x SV
Heart rate = number of beats per minute Stroke volume = amount of blood ejected in each beat
Decrease in HR
Increase in HR
Fig 9.11
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Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (preload) Pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood (afterload) Contractility
End-Diastolic Volume
Frank-Starling mechanism
Greater preload results in stretch of ventricles and in a more forceful contraction Venoconstriction Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump
Affected by:
Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the extremities toward the heart One-way valves in veins prevent backflow of blood
Fig 9.12
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Aortic pressure is inversely related to stroke volume High afterload results in a decreased stroke volume
Requires greater force generation by the myocardium to eject blood into the aorta
Ventricular Contractility
EDV
Stretch FrankStarling
Fig 9.13
Hemodynamics
The study of the physical principles of blood flow
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Plasma
Liquid portion of blood Contains ions, proteins, hormones Red blood cells
Cells
Hematocrit
Fig 9.14
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Hemodynamics: Pressure
Proportional to the difference between MAP and right atrial pressure (P)
Fig 9.15
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Fig 9.15
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Hemodynamics: Resistance
Directly proportional to the pressure difference between the two ends of the system Inversely proportional to resistance
Pressure Resistance
Flow =
Fig 9.16
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Oxygen demand by muscles during exercise is many times greater than at rest Increased O2 delivery accomplished by:
Increased HR
Fig 9.17
Increased SV
Fig 9.17
Blood flow increased to meet metabolic demands of tissue O2 tension, CO2 tension, pH, potassium, adenosine, nitric oxide
Fig 9.19
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Fig 9.20
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Incremental Exercise
Increases linearly with increasing work rate Reaches plateau at 100% VO2max Increases with increasing work rate Increases linearly with exercise intensity Indicates the work of the heart
Double product
Heart rate
Fig 9.21
Blood pressure
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure During Arm and Leg Exercise
Fig 9.21
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Prolonged Exercise
Cardiovascular drift
Due to dehydration and increased skin blood flow (rising body temperature)
Fig 9.22
Fig 9.22
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Fig 9.23
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Fig 9.24