Chapter 25:

Ergogenic Aids
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 5th edition Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley
Presentation revised and updated by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University

(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives
Define ergogenic aid Explain why a placebo treatment in a double-blind design is used in research studies involving ergogenic aids Describe, in general, the effective ness of nutritional supplements on performance Describe the effect of additional oxygen on performance; distinguish between hyperbaric oxygenation and that accomplished by breathing oxygen-enriched gas mixture
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives
Describe blood doping and its potential for improving endurance performance Explain the mechanism by which ingested buffers might improve anaerobic performances Explain how amphetamines might improve exercise performance Describe the various mechanisms by which caffeine might improve performance

(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives
Identify the risks associated with using chewing tobacco to obtain a nicotine high Describe the risks of cocaine use and how it can cause death Describe the physiological and psychological effects of different types of warm-ups

(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ergogenic Aid
A substance, appliance, or procedure (e.g. blood doping) that improves performance

(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ergogenic Aids
Research design concerns Placebo Look-alike substance containing nothing that will improve performance Athletes belief in a substance may influence performance Double-blind studies Neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of who is receiving the treatment
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Research Design Concerns

Amount of substance Too little or too much may show no effect Subject May be effective in trained but not untrained subjects, and vice versa Task Endurance vs. short-term events Large-motor vs. fine-motor activities Use May enhance short-term performance but compromise long-term performance (c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changes in Performancethe Placebo Effect

Fig 25.1
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nutritional Supplements
Little evidence that nutritional supplements improve performance Supplements include: Protein Creatine Carnitine

(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aerobic Performance
Oxygen breathing Before or after exercise: no effect on performance During exercise: improved performance Blood doping Infusion of RBCs in effort to increase hemoglobin concentration and oxygen carrying capacity of blood Effective in improving VO2max and endurance performance
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Oxygen Breathing

Fig 25.2
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Blood Doping

Fig 25.3
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anaerobic Performance
Blood buffers (sodium bicarbonate) Improves performances of 1-10 minutes duration or repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise No benefit for tasks of less than one minute Optimal dose 0.3 gkg body weight-1 (with 1 liter of water)
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Drugs
Amphetamines Catecholamine-like effect Improve performance in fatigued subjects only No improvement in alert, non-fatigued subjects

(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Drugs
Caffeine May improved performance at muscle, nervous system, or the delivery of fuel to muscle Can elevate blood glucose and increase fat utilization Effect is variable and dose-related Effect may be diminished in regular users
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Factors Influenced by Caffeine That Might Improve Performance

Fig 25.4
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mechanisms by Which Caffeine May Increase FFA Mobilization

Fig 25.5
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Drugs
Cocaine Powerful stimulator of cardiovascular and central nervous systems May cause sudden death Nicotine Can stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Cardiovascular or GI effects Known to cause diseases of the mouth, including oral cancer
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mechanisms by Which Cocaine Can Kill

Fig 25.6

(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Effects of Nicotine

Fig 25.7
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Physical Warm-Up
Causes both physiological and psychological changes that are beneficial to performance Increased muscle temperature, arousal, focus on event Warm-up activities Identical to performance Directly related to performance General warm-up

(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.