AC/DC UPS & BATTERIES PART 2

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION BATTERY V/S CELL CELL COMPONENTS

BATTERY VOLTAGE CAPACITY AND BATTERY RATINGS SERIES AND PARELLEL CONNECTION

Control power for switchgears & S/S automation equipment in Electrical system. Instrumentation system shut down power requirement.

TYPES OF BATTERY

PRIMARY BATTERIES used only once, irreversible chemical reaction, cheap, mostly use in flashlights, watches, toys, radios
SECONDARY BATTERIES reversible chemical reaction, mostly use in starting, lighting & ignition of automobiles, engine-generator sets, UPS, traction, telecommunication etc.

TYPES OF SECONDARY BATTERIES

Ni-CD BATTERY LEAD-ACID BATTERY

Ni-CD BATTERY

CELL CONSTRUCTION

During Discharge : - At Anode Cd - At Cathode NiOOH + e-

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Cd(OH)2 + 2e0.8 Volts

Ni(OH)2

0.5 Volts

During charging reverse reaction will take place. - Overall reaction : 2 NiOOH + Cd + 2 H2O 2 Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2 Electrode Potential = EOP + ERP Electrode Potential = 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3 Volts
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Cell fully charged, Uncharged and Overcharged conditions

Typical Data for Ni-Cd

Cell type Cell end Volt Discharge time KPM100P 1.1 V 30 min

Min. Ambient temperature

Lowest expected electrolyte temp. Temperature de rating factor

0C
0+10C Shall be taken from the battery curve

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APPLICATIONS

Engine starting Switchgear Control supply UPS Process control Data & Information Emergency Lighting Security & Fire Alarm Switching & Transmission Signaling

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LEAD ACID BATTERIES

Flooded or wet cell battery Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Battery

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ELECTROCHEMISTRY
During Discharge : - At Anode Pb + HSO4- At Cathode PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2e- + H+ 0.356 Volts

2PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1.685 Volts

During charging reverse reaction will take place. - Overall reaction : Pb + PbO2 + 2 H2SO4 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O

Electrode Potential = EOP + ERP

Electrode Potential = 0.356 + 1.685 = 2.041 Volts
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ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Following reactions form the basis of Lead acid cell chemistry

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Typical Data for Lead-acid

Float Voltage Boost Charging<1000AH rating Boost charging>=1000AH rating Max boost charger voltage 2.16V-2.25V/Cell 10 Hrs 14-16 Hrs 2.75 V/Cell

Equalising charge Voltage

2.33 V/Cell

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Construction

Lead-acid battery construction Lead-acid battery plate arrangement

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Construction Details

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Comparison between Vented & VRLA batteries

Failure Mechanism - Dry out - Thermal runaway Electrolyte concentration Float voltage Absence of free electrolyte Maintenance Orientation in Use Vented Gas

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Selection of VRLA Batteries

Temperature Charging limitations Space limitation Environment Life consideration Safety Battery sizing

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Battery sizing calculation

Battery duty cycle Cell size Equalizing charge Full float operation Period Rated capacity Load classification - continuous load - Noncontinuous load - Momentary loads - other considerations (Random load, etc.)

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Duty cycle diagram

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Factors considered in Battery sizing

Temperature correction factor Aging factor Design margin Capacity rating factor (Kt) Final battery size = Battery size (which we get from work sheet) x Temperature correction factor x Aging factor x design margin When the battery size is greater than standard battery size, the next larger battery is required.

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Battery Room & Battery Installation

Battery room should be in corner of substation. Exhaust fan & water connection to sink. Floors and walls up to 1.5m height shall have acid/alkaline resistant protective epoxy coating. Room temperature should be between 5C to 25C. Maximum temperature between cells & blocks shall not exceeds 10K for vented and 5K for VRLA type battery. Lighting fixtures used shall be chemical resistant type and mounted on wall for easy replacement. Switching controlling light fittings & exhaust fans shall be installed outside battery room.

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Battery Room & Battery Installation

Battery rack to wall clearance for - Single row, single tier 100mm - Double row, single tier 100mm - Double row, double tier 750mm - Rack to rack clearance 750mm

Batteries must be kept clean to avoid spark, explosion & fire.

Spark generating parts must have at least 500mm distance from cell opening valve or vent. Earth connection require if racks/housing made of metals. If protection insulation b/w racks & battery then earthing not required. Insulation can withstand 4000V for one minute. Battery must be secured against dropping items and dirt.
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Check list after battery installation

Name plate details and number of cells are as per approved drawings. Sufficient clearance is maintained around battery bank for ease of maintenance. Acid proof tiles have been provided for lead acid batteries. An eyewash shower and wash basin are available nearby. Voltage and specific gravity of all cells are as per manufacturers recommendations. Cell terminal connections are tight and coated with petroleum jelly. Stand and cell insulators are clean. Wooden stands are painted with anticorrosive paint. Cell numbers are properly fixed to cells. Float level indicators are free. Gas vent are provided and free from blockage. Cells have not developed any crack/damage/leak. Cells are mounted on treated wooden racks and insulated bases. Suitable drainage has been provided for likely electrolyte spillage. Acid treatment chart is prominently displayed inside the room. Cable connection are made with recommended lugs. Alkaline batteries are not in the same room where lead acid cells are installed.

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Battery Charger

Scope Mode (Float & Boost Charging mode) Type ( Float & Boost Charger) Input supply voltage V +/- 10 % F +/- 5 % THD < 5 % 3 phase controlled rectifier with protective devices Parallel redundant-Performance controls Current Limit, Cell Booster

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Battery Charger sizing

Sizing criteria Discharge current Charging hours Efficiency of charger Average DC load Capacity rating factor Trickle charging current of battery Float charger capacity Boost charger capacity

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UPS System

Single UPS with bypass Parallel redundant bypass Hot standby bypass

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UPS System

UPS- Performance (Spec Cl 5.3.16) Types of loads (Linear, Non linear) Load Transfer Bypass F +/-4% FDU (Cl 5.9)

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UPS SIZING

CF= Peak Value/ RMS Value Based on sum of Load KVA Sum of (Load X CF) CF for linear load 1.414 (Check With UPS CF) Loads and P.F. Overall PF X UPS rating Start up current (Inrush) Remains within permissible limit of Inv Rated Current

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REFERENCES

IEEE std 1115-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-cadmium batteries for stationary applications IEEE std 1189-1996, IEEE Guide for Selection of Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries for stationary applications IEEE std 485-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead Acid batteries for stationary applications IEEE std 450-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications IEEE std 484-1996, IEEE Recommended Practice Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications OISD-recommended practice-147, Inspection and safe practices during electrical installations DOE-HDBK-1084-95, DOE Handbook Primer on lead acid storage batteries

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THANK YOU

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