GASEOUS EXCHANGE

FRESHMEN YEAR PROGRAM MEDICAL SCHOOL OF MEDICAL FACULTY OF UNISBA

Principles of Gas

Partial Pressure of Gases

The rapid moving molecules exert a pressure, the magnitude is increased by anything that increases the rate of movement The pressure a gas exerts is proportional to (1) the temperature (heat increases the speed of movement) and (2) the concentration of gas (the number of molecules per unit volume In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is independent of the pressure exerted by others termed partial pressure (Daltons law)

This because gas molecules are normally so far apart that they do not interfere with each other

Principles of Gas

Partial Pressure of Gases (cont)

Diffusion of gas in liquid

When a liquid is exposed to air containing a particular gas, molecules of the gas will enter the liquid and dissolve in it Henrys law states that the amount of gas dissolved will be directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas with which the liquid is in equilibrium Why must the diffusion of gas into or within liquids be presented in terms of partial pressure rather than concentration, the values used to deal with the diffusion of all other solutes? The reason is that the concentration of a gas in a liquid is proportional not only to the partial pressure of the gas but also to the solubility of gas in the liquid; the more soluble the gas, the greater will its concentration at any given partial pressure

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli dan Tissues

Exchange of gases in lungs and tissues is by simple diffusion, as a result of differences in partial pressure.

Gasses diffuse from a region of higher partial pressure to one of lower partial pressure

Normal alveolar gas pressure for oxygen is 105 mmHg and for carbon dioxide is 40 mmHg
At any given inspired PO2, the ratio of oxygen consumption to alveolar ventilation determines alveolar PO2 the higher the ratio, the lower the alveolar PO2 The higher the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation, the higher the alveolar PCO2

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli dan Tissues (cont)

The average value at rest for systemic venous PO2 is 40 mmHg As systemic venous blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries, there is net diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli.

By the end of each pulmonary capillary, the blood gas pressures have become equal to those in the alveoli

Inadequate gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries may occur when the alveolus-capillary surface area is decreased, when the alveolar walls thicken, or when there are ventilation perfusion inequalities

Alveolar Gas Pressure

Normal alveolar gas pressures are PO2 = 105 mmHg and PCO2 = 40 mmHg; in atmosphere the PO2 = 160 mmHg The alveolar PO2 is lower than atmospheric PO2 because some of the oxygen in the air entering the alveoli leaves them to enter the pulmonary capillaries The alveolar PCO2 is higher than atmospheric PCO2 because carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the pulmonary capillaries The factor that

Alveolar Gas Pressure (cont)

The factors that determine the precise value of alveolar PO2 are (1) the PO2 of atmospheric air, (2) the rate of alveolar ventilation, and (3) the rate of total-body oxygen consumption. A decreased in the PO2 of inspired air (at high altitude), a decrease in alveolar ventilation, and an increase in the cells consumption of oxygen will decrease alveolar PO2 Hypoventilation exists when there is an increase in ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation PCO2 >40 mmHg Hyperventilation exists when there is a decrease in ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation PCO2 < 40 mmHg.

Alveolar Gas Pressure (cont)

Note:
Hyperventilation

is not synonymous with increased ventilation. Hyperventilation represents increased ventilation relative to metabolism. The increased ventilation that occurs during moderate exercise is not hyperventilation The increase in production of carbon dioxide is exactly proportional to the increased ventilation

Alveolar Gas Pressure (cont)

Effect of increasing or decreasing alveolar ventilation on alveolar partial pressure in a person having a constant metabolic rate (cellular O2 consumption and CO2 production)

Alveolar Gas Exchange

The blood that enter the pulmonary capillaries has a relatively high PCO2 (45 mmHg) and relatively low PO2 (40 mmHg) In normal person, the rates of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse are so rapid and the blood flow the capillaries so slow that complete equilibrium is reached well before the end of the capillaries The blood that leaves the pulmonary capillaries to return to he heart and be pumped into the systemic arteries has essentially the PO2 and PCO2 as alveolar air

Alveolar Gas Exchange (cont)

Given that diffusion between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries normally achieves complete equilibration, the more capillaries participating in this process, the more total oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged. The diffusion of gases between alveoli and capillaries may be impaired in number of ways, resulting in inadequate oxygen diffusion into the blood, particularly during exercise when the time for equilibration is reduced. In lung infection or pulmonary edema some of alveoli may become filled with fluid

Factors influence rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange

Partial pressure difference of the gases Surface area available for gas exchange Diffusion distance Molecular weight and solubility of the gases

Gas Exchange in the Tissues

The capillary wall in tissues and plasma membrane of cells are so thin and are highly permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide. Metabolic reaction occurring within the cells are constantly consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide intracellular PO2 is lower and PCO2 is higher than in blood net diffusion of oxygen from the blood and carbon dioxide from the cells as blood flows through systemic capillaries, its PO2 decreases and its PCO2 increases

O2 CO2 Exchange

Changes In Partial Pressure During External and Internal Respiration (Dalton & Henrys laws)

I ADVISE YOU TO LEARN MORE THAN YOU HAVE HEARD

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