1) Nasirah Binti Che Daud

D20081032296
2) Wan Masturah Binti Wan Mad Mohtar
D20081032356
3) Ayuni Amalina Binti Mukhtar
D20081032369
4) Nur Ain Bt Ahmad Fikri
D20081032311 
5) Nur Syazwani Bt Wan Aziz
 Coordinate Plane

• A basic concept for coordinate geometry.

• It describes a two-dimensional plane in
terms of two perpendicular axes: x and y.
• The x-axis-horizontal direction
• the y-axis-vertical direction of the plane.
y-axis

X-axis
• Points are indicated by their positions
along the x and y-axes in the form (a,b)
• L coordinates is (–3, 1.5)
 Equation Of A Line

• An equation of a line can be written

y = mx + b
where
m is the slope
b is the y-intercept
• Slant of a line is called the slope/gradient.
• Slope is the ratio of the change in the y-
value over the change in the x-value.

Slopes = Change in y value

Change in x value
- The rate at which line rises (or falls) vertically
for every unit across to the right. Gradient line
y
) :P(x1,y1) ,Q (x2,y2
Q(x2,y2) y -y 2 1
m m=
(y2-y1) x2 - x1
P(x1, y1)

x 2 ≠ x1
(x2-x1)
x
Where..
0
 y
Gradient line of PQ :
y2 - y1
Q(6,5)
mPQ =
x2 - x1
θ 5 −2
P(2,2) =
x
6 −2
0
3
If θ < 90, m is positive ∴ mPQ =
4
 Example 1:
• Given two points, P = (0, –1) and Q = (4,1), on the
line we can calculate the slope of the line.
• Slopes= Change in y value
Change in x value
= 1-(-1)
4-0
=2
4
=1
2
 y
Gradient line of MN :

7 −2
M (2,7) mMN =
2 −5
θ 5
=
N (5,2) −3
x
0
5
If θ > 90, m is negative ∴ mMN = −
3
 Example 2:
• Consider the two points, R(–2, 3) and S(0, –1) on the
line. What would be the slope of the line?

Slopes = Change in y value

Change in x value
= -1-3
0-(-2)
= -4
2
= -2
 y

m=0
P Q

X
0
-If the line PQ is parallel with the x-axis,
θ = 0° OR θ = 180° ….Hence, m = 0
 How about parallel & perpendicular line ??
What are their gradient ??....

1.) Two lines are parallel if and only if both

have the same gradient ; m1=m2

2.) Two lines with m1 and m2 gradient

perpendicular if and only if m2m1= -1
Slopes Of Parallel
Lines
 y

Q(6,5)
S (8,5)

P(2,2) R (4,2)
x
0

Gradient line of PQ : Gradient line of RS :

y2 - y1 y2 - y1
mPQ = mRS =
x2 - x1 x2 - x1
5 −2 5 −2
= =
6 −2 8 −4
3 3
∴mPQ = ∴mRS =
4 4
∴ mPQ // mRS
 Question…
1.) Does the straight-line AB and CD below parallel??....

A(1,9) , B(5,8) , C(5,2) ,D(1,3)

mAB =
y 2 − y1 y 2 − y1
mCD =
x 2 − x1 x 2 − x1

=
8 −9 3−2
=
5 −1 1−5

1 1
=− =−
4 4
∴ mAB = mCD…….hence, AB // CD
Slopes Of Perpendicular
Lines
• Two lines are
perpendicular if the
product of their
slopes (m) is –1
• The line y= ½ x-1
perpendicular to
y= -2x-1
Because:
½ x (-2) =-1
 y

P(2,5) R (9,5)

Q (6,3)
x
0

Gradient line of PQ : Gradient line of RS :

y2 - y1 y2 - y1
mPQ = mQR =
x2 - x1 x2 - x1
5−2 5 −3
= =
2−4 9 −6
3 2
∴mPQ = ∴mRS =
−2 3
∴ mPQ mRS
Y-intercept

• The y-intercept is
where the line
intercepts (meets)
the y-axis.
• The midpoint of a segment divides the segment
into two segments of equal length.
• The midpoint between the two points (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2) is

 x1 + x 2 y 1 + y 2 
 , 
 2 2 
 Example:
• The midpoint of the points A(1,4) and B(5,6) is

 1 + 5 4 + 6   6 10 
 ,  =  ,  = (3,5)
 2 2  2 2 
 Distance Formula
• The distance between the two points (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2) is
Dividing Point with
Ratio
Formula for inside point :

mx 2 + nx1 my2 + ny1

x= y=
m+n m+ n
Inside dividing
ratio

A( x1, y1)

P ( x, y )

B ( x 2, y 2 )
Given points A(1,2) and B(19,23). If P (x,y)
dividing inside AB with ratio 1:2, find the value
of x and y.
y

n
B(19,23)

A(1, P(x,y
2) )
A(1,2
) x
Solution:
y= my2 + ny1
m+ n

(1)(23) + (2)(2)
=
1+ 2
27
=
3

= 9
x = mx 2 + nx1
m+n
(1)(19) + (2)(1) 19 + 2
= =
1+ 2 3

21
= =7
3

P (7,9)
Outside dividing ratio
y

P ( x, y )

B ( x 2, y 2 )

A( x1, y1)
x
Outside dividing point
Formula :

mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny 1
x= y=
m−n m −n
Given that points A(-5,-6) and B(-
1,-2). Get the coordinates that
dividing outside AB with the ratio
of 5:3
x1 = −5 y1 = −6 m =5
x 2 = −1 y 2 = −2 n =3

mx 2 −nx 1 my 2 −ny 1
P =( , )
m −n m −n
 5( −1) − 3( −5) 5( −2) − 3( −6) 
P = , 
 5 −3 5 −3 

 − 5 + 15 − 10 + 18 
P=
 2
,
2


= (5,4)
STRAIGHT-LINE
EQUATION
Equation Type
EQUATION TYPE

• Gradient Type
• Interception Type
• General Type
 GRADIENT TYPE
y

y = mx + c
P(x,y)

m = gradient c

c = y-interception
x
 INTERCEPTION TYPE
x

P(0,b)
x+y
=1
a b
Q(a,0)
y
a = x-interception
b = y-interception
GENERAL TYPE

ax + by + c = 0

a, b, c are constant
 METHOD TO FIND
STRAIGHT-LINE EQUATION

•Give Two Points

or
•One Point, One Gradient
 GIVEN TWO POINTS
First, find gradient (m):
m = y2 – y1
x2 – x1

Q(3,4) ∴ m = 4-(-4) = 8
3-1 2

m=4
Then, find c
Substitute q(3,4) in equation y = mx + c
(4) = (4)(3) + c
P(1,-4) 4 = 12 + c
C= -8
∴ the equation
y = 4x - 8
y = 4x-8
ONE POINT, ONE GRADIENT
Substitute m and point p(2,8)
In equation y = mx + c
(8) = (3)(2) + C m=3
8 =6+C
Hence c = 2
P(2,8)

So the equation=
y = 3x + 2 y = 3x + 2
 CHANGING
EQUATION TYPE
 y = 2x + 10
Change this equation into General Type
y = 2x + 10
∴ y – 2x – 10 = 0 or 2x – y + 10 = 0

Then, change 2x – y + 10 = 0 into Interception type

2x – y + 10 = 0
2x – y = -10
2x – y = -10
-10 -10 -10
2x + y = 1 or x + y=1
10 10 5 10
Brain-Storming Corner
Given a line with two given point. Find
the equation of the straight line
y

(2, 7)

(-3, 2)

x
Gradient ;
7– 2 =5
2 – (-3) 5
=1
Find c by substitute (2,7) in equation y = mx + c
7 = (1)(2) + c
∴c = 5
Equation
y = mx + c
∴ y=x+5
Change the equation into
general type and
interception type
y=x+5
∴ y – x – 5 = 0 or x – y + 5 = 0

Then, change x – y + 5 = 0 into Interception type

x–y+5=0
x – y = -5
x – y = -5
-5 -5 -5
x+ y=1
5 5
 Subtopics….
• The nearest point to the straight line
• The distance between two straight lines
that parallel to each other
• Intersection of the straight line
• Area of rectangle
• Area of triangle
 The nearest point to
y straight line

Perpendicular distance :
P

-The shortest distance between

them / the length of a perpendicular
ax + by +c = 0 line segment from the line to the
point

d
x
(h,k)

Q
 The nearest point to
straight line
The nearest distance from point (h,k) to straight line ax +by +c =0 is ;

ah + bk + c
ax + by +c = 0 d=
d
a +b
2 2

(h,k)
Q
ah + bk + c Hence, the point is on the other side.
if <0
a2 + b2
 Example
• Find the point distance and location of:(2,1) and (-3,2) towards straight
line 2y-3x-1=0

Solution :
From straight line 2y-3x-1= 0 ,
a = -3 b = 2 c = -1

Point (2,1), hence h=2, k=1

Point (-3,2), hence, h=-3, k=2

d1
− 3(−3) + 2(2) − 1
− 3(2) + 2(1) −1 d2 =
= (−3) 2 + (2) 2
(−3 ) + (2)
2 2

−5 12
= =
13 13
 −5 12
d1 = d2 =
13 13

2y-3x-1=0

(-3,2) (2,1)

d2
d1

0 x
 The distance between 2
straight-lines that parallel
to each other

L1
L2
METHO
D
1) Find the coordinate on one of the line
2) Find the point perpendicular distance
from the other line
 Example :
• Find the distance between the parallel lines 5x+12y+1=0 and
5x+12y+8=0
The distance  1  to line 5x+12y+8=0 is :
 0,− 
Solution:  12 
1
Take 5x+12y +1=0 a= 5 b= 12 c=8 h= 0 −
k= 12

1
When x=0, y= − ah +bk +c
12 d=
1 a 2 +b 2
Coordinate is (0, − )
12
 1 
0 +12  −  + 8
 12  7
d= =
25 +144 13
 Intersection of straight-
line
The coordinate for two straight lines intersection can be found by
solving both equation stimultaneously
Solution :
y
2x-3y=6 …………(1)
P 4x+y =16 …………(2)
S 2x-3y=6
(1) x 2
4x+y =16 …………(2)
4x-6y=12 …………(3)
(2) - (3)
7y= 4
4 27
4x+y=16
∴y = ∴x=
x
7 7
0
R
Q
 Choose A Quizzes
SELECT THE DIFFICULTY LEVEL

EASY

EXPERT
 y QUESTION 1
A 5
4 QUESTION 2
B3
QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4

QUESTION 5

C D QUESTION 6

F
 y QUESTION 1
A 5
4
B3
3 UNITS
LEFT,

5 UNITS
UP
C D

QUESTION 2

QUESTION 3
E
QUESTION 4
F
QUESTION 5

QUESTION 6
 y QUESTION 1
A 5
4 QUESTION 2
B3

2 UNITS
RIGHT,

4 UNITS
C D
DOWN

QUESTION 3
E
QUESTION 4
F
QUESTION 5

QUESTION 6
 y QUESTION 1
A 5
4 QUESTION 2
B3
QUESTION 3

5 UNITS
RIGHT,
C D
0 UNITS
UP/DOWN

E
QUESTION 4
F
QUESTION 5

QUESTION 6
 y QUESTION 1
A 5
4 QUESTION 2
B3
QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4

C D
5 UNITS
LEFT,

3 UNITS
DOWN
E

F
QUESTION 5

QUESTION 6
 y QUESTION 1
A 5
4 QUESTION 2
B3
QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4

QUESTION 5

C D

0 UNITS
LEFT/RIGHT

E
4 UNITS
UP
F

QUESTION 6
 y QUESTION 1
A 5
4 QUESTION 2
B3
QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4

QUESTION 5

C D QUESTION 6

0 UNITS
RIGHT/LEFT
E

F
0 UNITS
UP/DOWN
Positive slope
For example: Given two points, P = (0, –1) and Q = (4,1), on
the line we can calculate the slope of the line.

• y-intercept
-1 2

• Gradient

1/2 4

• Equation

Y = 2x + 4

Y = 1/2x - 1

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Negative slope
For example: Consider the two points, R(–2, 3) and S(0, –1) on
the line. What would be the slope of the line?

• y-intercept
-1 -2

• Gradient

-2 3

• Equation

Y = -2x - 1

Y = 3x - 2

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Slopes Of Parallel Lines
• In coordinate
geometry, two lines
are parallel if their
slopes (m) are
equal.

• For example:
The line y=1/2x+1
is parallel to the
line y=1/2x-1.
Their slopes are
both the same.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Slopes Of Perpendicular Lines
• In the coordinate
plane, two lines are
perpendicular if the
product of their
slopes (m) is –1.

• For example:
The line Y=1/2X-1
is perpendicular to
the line y = –2x– 1.
The product of the
two slopes is 1/2 x
(-2) = -1

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
 Mid Point Formula
• To find a point that is • For example:
halfway between two
given points, get the
The midpoint of the
average of the x-
points A(1,4) and
values and the average
B(5,6) is
of the y-values.
• The midpoint between
the two points (x1,y1)
and (x2,y2) is:
   

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Distance Formula
• For example:
To find the distance
between A(1,1) and
B(3,4), we form a right
angled triangle with AB
as the hypotenuse. The
length of AC = 3 – 1 =
2. The length of BC = 4
– 1 = 3.

Applying Pythagorean
Theorem:

• AB2 = 22 + 32
AB2 = 13
AB = /13

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
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