SONET / SDH

Nirmala Shenoy Information Technology Department Rochester Institute Technology

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SONET / SDH
Scope
What is SONET/SDH features Signal hierarchy Topologies SONET components Layers Frames Virtual tributaries
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SONET / SDH
What is SONET / SDH?
Synchronous Optical Network ANSI (US) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ITU-T Europe Similar and compatible A standard to be used for fibre optics Recommendation for FOTS equipment
Fibre Optic Transmission Systems

Can carry incompatible DS-0, DS1 (Asyn)

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SONET / SDH
What is SONET / SDH?
Single reference clock
synchronize transmissions

Predictability Powerful frame Transmission envelope

Multiplex channels

Multiplexed transport mechanism

Optical based Carrier System
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SONET / SDH
What is SONET / SDH?
Self healing ring topology Consolidate and segregate traffic from different end-points Extensive integrated OAM&P Backward compatibility

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SONET / SDH
Signal Hierarchy
STS Synchronous Transport Signals
support a certain base data rate- 51.84Mbps STS 1 STS 192 different hierarchies

Corresponding carrier System

Optical Carrier OC-1, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48

SDH STM Synchronous Transport Module

STM 1 = STS 3
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SONET / SDH
Sonet/SDH rates
STS 1 STS-3 STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-24 STS-36 STS-48 STS-96 STS-192 OC-1 OC-3 OC-9 OC-12 OC-18 OC-24 OC-36 OC-48 OC-96 OC-192 51.840 155.520 466.560 622.080 933.120 1244.160 1866.230 2488.320 4976.640 9953.280
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STM-1 STM-3 STM-4 STM-6 STM-8 STM-12 STM-16 STM-32 STM-64

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SONET / SDH
Configuration
Add/drop mux STS MUX regenerator regenerator section line path

STS MUX

section

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SONET / SDH
SONET topology
SMD ADM ADM Oc-n Oc-n Oc-n ADM DCS Oc-n Oc-n SA ADM 802.5 Oc-n SMD ADM SMD SMD SA DS1 ADM add drop multiplexer SMD- sts mu/demux DCS digital cross connect switch SA service adapter

SMD

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SONET / SDH
Multiplexing
DS1, CEPT1 etc Service Adapters Maps into virtual tributaries STS-n

DS3

Service Adapters

STS-1 MUX/DMUX E/O

MAN, ATM, SMDS, others

Service Adapters

STS-n

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SONET / SDH
SONET Devices STS Multiplexer
Multiplexes and de-multiplexes signals from multiple sources Path terminating equipment Maps user payload into standard frame Header goes end-to-end as part of Synchronous Payload Envelope - SPE
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SONET / SDH
SONET Devices Add /Drop Multiplexer
Adds signals from different sources/removes Uses header address information to identify stream and remove Line terminating Equipment Performs multiplexing, synchronization, APS
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SONET / SDH
SONET Devices Regenerator
Repeater improves signal quality Operations include layer 2
Frame alignment, scrambling, error monitoring

Section terminating equipment

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SONET / SDH
Section
Connects two neighboring devices

Line
Connects two multiplexers (STS , Add/Drop)

Path
Connects two STS Mux/demux

Layers likewise path, line, section

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SONET / SDH
SONET layers
PATH layer LINE layer SECTION layer photonic layer Physical Data link

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Photonic layers phy
Specs for optical fiber channel NRZ encoding used
Power level Wavelength Pulse shape

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Section layer
Frames identifies beginning of frame Scrambling introducing 1s to derive clock error monitoring section level Adds 9 bytes to header frame size 810 bytes Provided at all devices

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Line layer
Locates partial payload virtual tributaries Provides frequency justification, bit stuffing
To adjust to clocking from different systems

Does APS Adds 18 bytes to header Provided at the STS Mux and Add/Drop Mux
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SONET / SDH
Path layer
Converts to optical signals and back to electromagnetic Adds 9 bytes to header - is part of SPE Defines the payload being carried End-to-end path control Support virtual tributaries Provided at the STS Mux
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SONET / SDH
SONET STS-1Frame

Frame1

Frame2

Frame8000

Frame = 810 octets * 8 = 6480bits 8000 frames/sec = 6480*8000 bits/sec = 51.84Mbps

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SONET / SDH
SONET Frame
Matrix of nine rows 90 octets each First 3 columns (octets) three rows
section overhead 9 bytes

Next 6 rows line overheads 18 bytes Rest of the frame Synchronous Payload Envelope SPE 9 bytes of path overheads

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SONET / SDH
first column in SPE path overhead
Section overhead

STS SPE line overhead

Path overhead

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SONET / SDH
Section overhead
Alignment bytes (A1 & A2) framing and synchronization pattern F628hex Identification byte (C1)unique id for the STS1 frame Parity byte (B1) Order-wire byte (E1) bytes in consecutive frames form a communication channel between regenerators
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SONET / SDH
Section overhead
Users byte (F1) bytes in consecutive frames form a channel for user needs at the section level Management bytes (D1, D2 and D3)- 3 bytes per frame in consecutive frames = 192 kbps for OAM

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Line Overhead
Pointer bytes (H1, H2, H3) 3 bytes identify location of the payload Line Parity byte (B2) Automatic Protection Switching bytes 2 bytes (K1, K2) consecutive frames- 128 kbps channel to detect problems in multiplexers

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SONET / SDH
Line Overhead
Data communication channel bytes (D4-D12) consecutive frames 576 kbps OAM at the line Growth bytes (Z1, Z2) future use Orderwire byte (E2) line level

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SONET / SDH
Path Overhead
Path trace byte (J1) bytes in consecutive frames path tracking verify connection Path parity byte (B3) Path signal label byte (C2) path id gives the construction details of the SPE Path Status byte (G1) receiver communicates its status
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SONET / SDH
Path Overhead
Path user channel byte (F2) user needs at path level Virtual tributary indicator (H4) multi-frame indicator payload not fitting into a frame Growth byte (Z3, Z4, Z5) reserved

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Virtual Tributaries
Partial payload share a frame The SPE has a number of tributaries VT1.5 = 8000 frames * 3 columns * 9 rows * 8 bits = 1.728 Mbps DS-1 service VT2 = 8000 frames*4 columns*9 rows * 8 bits = 2.304 Mbps CEPT-1

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SONET / SDH
Virtual Tributaries
VT3 = 8000 frames * 6 columns * 9 rows * 8 bits = 3.456 Mbps DS-1C VT6 = 8000 frames*12 columns*9 rows * 8 bits = 6.912 Mbps DS-2

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SONET / SDH
Summary
A carrier system optical carriers Synchronous transmission - faster Time Division multiplexing High speed backbone Support for high bit rate applications? Add/Drop multiplexers Self healing rings
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