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CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
(L1-2)
L1 Numerical Summary of Data
L2 - Data Display and summary
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Learning objectives:

At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

Explain the different between population and sample

Find the sample mean, sample variance and sample
standard deviation

Plot data using stem and leaf display Construct the Box-Plot

Learning Objectives:
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Population Sample ( Definition)
Population:

A collection, or set, of individuals or objects or events
whose properties are to be analyzed.
( the number UTP students)

Sample:

A subset of the population. The number of individuals of a
sample is called the sample size.
( the number of engineering students in UTP)
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Illustration of selection of a sample from a population
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Population - Sample
Variable:
A characteristic of the objects in a population.
CGPA of UTP students (number)
Gender of an engineering graduate ( category: male or female)

Its value may change from one object to another in the
population

Univariate:
A data set consists of observations on a single variable.
( type of transmission in a car, automatic or manual)

Multivariate:
A data set arises when observations made on more than
one variable ( height and weight )
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Variable
Quantitative Qualitative or categorical
(e.g. make of a computer, hair colour
Gender)
Discrete
(e.g. number of houses,
Cars, accidents

Continuous
(e.g. length, age, height,
Weight, time)
Types of variables
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Statistics
Descriptive
Statistics
Inferential
Statistics

-Methods of organizing,
display, and describe
important features of
data by
* tables,
* graphs, and
* summary measures




-Methods that use sample
results to help make
decisions (inferences) or
predictions about a
population


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The mean is the balance point for a system
of unit weights at points x
1
, x
2
, ,x
n


X
10
X
7
X
3
X
1
X
8
X
2
X
5
X
4
X
6
X
9

X
1.5 0 1 3 6.5 7 8.5 9.5 10 11
5.5
5.5
10
55
x 55; x x x x
10 2 1
= = = + + + =

Numerical Summary : Mean
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Population mean (mu) :
N
x

=
Sum of all values
In the population
The population size
n

=
x
x
Sample mean
The sample size
Sum of all values
In the sample
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Population variance :
N
N
x
x

=
2
2
2
) (
o
Population standard deviation is
o
Numerical Summary : Variability
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=

=
2 2 2
) ( ;
1
1
) (
1
1
x x S S
n
x x
n
s
XX XX
Sample Variance
( )
2 2 2 2
1
) (

= = x
n
x x n x S
xx
1
) (
2
2
2

=


n
n
x
x
s
Sample Standard Deviation: SD = s
Numerical Summary : Variability
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Example 1:

Given the sample data as 55, 68, 90, 42, 89, 70. Find the
mean and the variance of this data.

6 . 353 ]
6
) 414 (
30334 [
5
1

) (
1
1
) (
1
1

is, variance The
69
6
414
6
70 89 42 90 68 55

is, Mean The
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
2
1
= =
(
(
(

=
= =
+ + + + +
=

=
=
= =
=
n
x
x
n
x x
n
s
n
x
x
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
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Exercise 1:

Seven oxide thickness measurements of
wafers are studied to assess quality in a
semiconductor manufacturing process. The
data (in angstroms) are: 1264, 1280, 1301,
1300, 1292, 1307, and 1275. Calculate the
sample average, variance and standard
deviation.