MONERA

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Bacteria
Procaryotes , unicellular microorganisms. Have a single circular chromosome. Cell walls are composed of peptidoglican. Motile bacteria can move using flagella, bacterial gliding, twitching motility or changes of buoyancy. Habitat : on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, seawater, and deep in the earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients
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 Harmless or beneficial by the protective effects of the immune system, a few pathogenic bacteria cause infectious diseases. Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter and Heliobacterium, can form highly-resistant, dormant structures called endospores. Three major criteria bacterial metabolism : the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors used for growth. Cell growth and their reproduction by cell division. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction.
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Classification of Monera usually organized by :

Nutritional types in bacterial metabolism

Nutritional type

Source of energy

Source of carbon

Examples

Phototrophs

Sunlight

Lithotrophs

Inorganic compounds

Cyanobacteria, Organic compounds Green sulfur (photoheterotrophs) or carbon bacteria, fixation (photoautotrophs) Chloroflexi, or Purple bacteria Thermodesulfob Organic compounds acteria, (lithoheterotrophs) or carbon Hydrogenophilac fixation (lithoautotrophs) eae, or Nitrospirae Organic compounds (chemoheterotrophs) or carbon fixation (chemoautotrophs) Bacillus, Clostridium or Enterobacteriace ae
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Organotrophs

Organic compounds

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Classification of Monera usually organized by :

1. Presence/absence of O2 (Aerobiosis) : Obligate aerobe Obligate anaerobe Facultative anaerobe

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Shape : Cocci : sperical Bacilli : rod-shaped Spirilla : spiral-shaped

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Temperature : Psychrophile : -5 - 20C Mesophile : 20 - 50C Thermophile : 50 - 70C Extreme thermophile : >70C

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Gram staining : Positive Negative

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The technique involves STAINING Bacteria with a PURPLE DYE (Crystal Violet), AND IODINE, AND RINSED WITH ALCOHOL. Then Restained with A PINK DYE (Safranin).

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Depending on Structure of their CELL WALLS, THE BACTERIA ABSORB EITHER THE PURPLE DYE OR THE PINK DYE

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GRAM (+) AND GRAM (-) BACTERIA

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6. Salinity (Na+) : Non-halophile : low conc. Na+ Moderate halophile : netral Ekstrem halophile : high conc. Na+
7. pH : Acidophile : acid Neutrophile : neutral Alkaliphile/alkalophile : base

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Bacteria consist of approximately 12 distinct groups

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The major groups of Bacteria based on morphology, physiology, or ecology :

1. Photosynthetic purple and green bacteria, anoxygenic photosynthesis (bacterial photosynthesis). The electron donor may be H2, H2S of So, or certain organic compounds. The lightabsorbing pigments consist of bacterial chlorophylls and carotenoids. 2. Purple and green sulfur bacteria, use H2S during photosynthesis as an electron donor for autotrophic CO2 reduction (the "dark reaction" of photosynthesis). They can also use organic compounds (succinate or butyrate ) as electron donors for photosynthesis. Eg : Rhodobacter . 3. Cyanobacteria, ecological importance in the global carbon, oxygen and nitrogen cycles. Form filaments and may grow in large masses. Found in most aerobic environments where water and light are available for growth. Eg : Anabaena.
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1. Spirochetes, very thin, flexible, spiral-shaped prokaryotes that move by means of structures called axial filaments (endoflagella) A few are pathogens of animals (e.g. leptospirosis in dogs, Syphilis in humans and Lyme Disease in dogs and humans). 2. Spirilla, Gram-negative aerobic heterotrophic bacteria with a helical or spiral shape. Their metabolism is respiratory and never fermentative. They have a rigid cell wall and are motile by means of ordinary polar flagella. Inhabitants of microaerophilic aquatic environments. Eg: Spirillum and Aquaspirillum . 3. Myxobacteria, a group of gliding bacteria that aggregate together to form a multicellular fruiting body in which development and spore formation takes place. Myxobacteria are inhabitants of the soil. 4. Lithotrophs, a type of metabolism that requires inorganic compounds as sources of energy. Utilize inorganic substrates including H2, NH3, NO2, H2S, S, Fe++, and CO. Eg : Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter , Thiobacillus.
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1. Pseudomonads and their relatives, morphologically and physiologically resemble members of the genus Pseudomonas. Move by polar flagella. Play an important role in decomposition, biodegradation, and the C and N cycles. 2. Enterics, Gram-negative rods with facultative anaerobic metabolism that live in the intestinal tracts of animals. Eg : E.coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium. 3. Vibrios, have a curved rod morphology or comma shape, very common bacteria in aquatic environments. Eg : Vibrio cholerae. 4. Nitrogen-fixing organisms, ability to "fix" nitrogen. Eg : Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. 5. Pyogenic cocci, spherical bacteria which cause various suppurative infections in animals and leading pathogens of humans. Eg : Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.

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1. Lactic acid bacteria, Gram-positive, nonsporeforming rods and cocci which produce lactic acid as a sole or major end product of fermentation. Eg : Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. 2. Endospore-forming bacteria, produce a unique resting cell called an endospore, Gram-positive and usually rod-shaped. Eg : Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium boyulinum, C, tetani. 3. Actinomycetes and related bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, grow by filament formation, or at least show a tendency towards branching and filament formation. Many of the organisms can form resting structures called spores. Eg : Streptomyces, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae. 4. Rickettsias and Chlamydiae, obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. Rickettsias cannot grow outside of a host cell because they have leaky membranes and are unable to obtain nutrients in an extracellular habitat. Chlamydiae are unable to produce ATP in amounts required to sustain metabolism outside of a host cell and are, in a sense, energy-parasites. Eg : Chlamydia trachomatis.
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1. Mycoplasmas, lack a cell wall. The cells are bounded by a single triple-layered membrane. Free-living in soil and sewage, parasitic inhabitants of the mouth and urinary tract of humans, or pathogens in animals and plants. Eg : Mycoplasma pneumoniae . 2. Plant-pathogenic bacteria, Gram-negative bacilli. Eg : Pseudomonas solanacearum .

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1- Find the C below.. Please do not use any cursor help. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

2- If you already found the C, now find the 6 below. 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 69999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

3 - Now find the N below. It's a little more difficult.

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

This is NOT a joke. If you were able to pass these 3 tests, you can cancel your annual visit to your neurologist. Your brain is great and you're far from having a close relationship with Alzheimer. Congratulations!

Archaebacteria
Archaea means "ancient" because use ancient energy mechanisms. Cell walls: pseudopeptidoglican. Many found in harsh, early earth-like environments. Introduction to the Archaea
Thermal vents at bottom of ocean extreme salt conditions (Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea). high acid conditions.
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On the basis of ssrRNA analysis, the Archaea consist of three phylogenetically-distinct groups: Crenarchaeota, consists mainly of
hyperthermophilic sulfur-dependent prokaryotes

Euryarchaeota, contains the methanogens and

extreme halophiles

Korarchaeota, only their nucleic acids have

been detected, and no organisms have been isolated or cultured. ssrRNAs have been obtained from hyperthermophilic environments.

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Based on their physiology, the Archaea can be organized into three types: Methanogens (prokaryotes that produce
methane)

Extreme halophiles (prokaryotes that live at

very high concentrations of salt (NaCl)

Extreme (hyper) thermophiles

(prokaryotes that live at very high temperatures).

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Phylogenetic tree of Archaea

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1. Methanogens
Obligate anaerobes Environments : marine and fresh-water sediments, bogs and deep soils, intestinal tracts of animals, and sewage treatment facilities. Have an incredible type of metabolism that can use H2 as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source for growth. In the process of making cell material from H2 and CO2, the methanogens produce methane (CH4) in a unique energy-generating process. Example: Methanococcus jannaschii
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Methanococcus jannischiiwas originally isolated from a sample taken from a "white smoker" chimney at an oceanic depth of 2,600 meters on the East Pacific Rise

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2. Extreme halophiles
Live in natural environments such as the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, or evaporating ponds of seawater where the salt concentration is very high (as high as 5 molar or 25 percent NaCl). Require high concentration of salt for growth. Their cell walls, ribosomes, and enzymes are stabilized by Na+

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 Example : Halobacterium halobium, the prevalent species in the Great Salt Lake.
Have the pigment (bacteriorhodopsin) which reacts with light in a way that forms a proton gradient on the membrane allowing the synthesis of ATP. These organisms are heterotrophs that normally respire by aerobic means.

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Halobacterium salinariumis an extreme halophile that grows at 4 to 5 M NaCl

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3. Thermoacidophiles
Require a very high temperature (80 - 105 C) for growth. Their membranes and enzymes are stable at high temperatures. Most of these Archaea require elemental sulfur for growth. Some are anaerobes that use sulfur as an electron acceptor for respiration in place of oxygen.

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 Some are lithotrophs that oxidize sulfur as an energy source. Sulfur-oxidizers grow at pH less than pH 2, because they acidify their own environment by oxidizing So (sulfur) to SO4 (sulfuric acid).
Found in volcanism, such as hot springs, geysers and fumaroles in Yellowstone National Park, and thermal vents ("smokers") and cracks in the ocean floor. Example :
Sulfolobus (grows in sulfur-rich, hot acid springs at temperatures as high as 90 degrees and pH values as low as 1) Thermus aquaticus (has an optimum temperature for growth of 70 degrees) Thermoplasma (lacks a cell wall, grows optimally at 55 degrees and pH 2)

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Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (T.D. Brock). Left: Electron micrograph of a thin section (X85,000), the organism appears as irregular spheres. Right: Fluorescent photomicrograph of cells attached to a sulfur crystal by fimbrial-like appendages

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