Introduction to Geographic Information System (GIS)

By : Maududie

Objectives
To

introduce GIS technology To introduce Geographic Data

Information System
A

system is a group of connected entities and activities which interact for a common purpose
information system is a set of processes, executed on raw data, to produce information that will be useful in decision making

An

Geographic Information
Is

information about the Earths surface Knowledge about where things are Knowledge about what is at a given location

Geographic Information

Small Scale of Geographic Data

Geographic Information

Big Scale of Geographic Data

What is GIS ?
Definitions:

Computer based systems that are used to store and manipulate geographic information (Aronoff, 1991) A computer system capable of holding and using data describing places on the earths surface (ESRI, 1995) Any of various software applications, running on PCs or workstations, that stores, analyzes, and displays multiple layers of geographic information (Lang, 1998)

What is GIS ?
GIS technology is designed to collect, store, and analyze objects and phenomena where geographic location is an important characteristic or critical to the analysis

Where is it?
Cartography

Remote Sensing

GIS

Comp. Science

Others

What is GIS Used For?

What is GIS Used For?

Why GIS is different with another?

Example Application
Name
London Zurich Utrecht Santa Barbara

Latitude
51 N 47 N 52 N 34 N

Longitude
0 8E 5E 119 W

GIS Population
80 25 40 50

Orono
Buffalo

45 N
42 N

69 W
78 W

30
30

Why GIS differs with another ?

Example Application
The

average number of people working with GIS (non spatial query) How many people work in GIS in radius 2000 miles from London ? (spatial query)

How do GIS handle the Data ?

Spatial data are stored in one or more layers

Usually, homogeneous class of data are (such as road, river, and landuse) stored in one layer

How do GIS handle the Data ?

Rivers

Capitals

Roads Lakes

States

Geographic Data
Two fundamental Components Spatial location of object / phenomenon (called georeferenced / spatial data) Phenomenon being reported (called properties/attribute data)

Geographic Data

Spatial Data

Attribute Data

Geographic Data
Two common Models of Spatial Data
Raster

Vector

Real World

Vector Model
Consist of three elements
Point

Line
Area

Vector Model

Point: feature that has a specific location without extent in any direction which is represented by a pair of coordinate.

Vector Model
Line : represent linear features which consist
of a series of X-Y coordinate pairs with discrete beginning and ending points and has a length attribute

Vector Model
Area / Polygon: a closed feature defined by a
set of linked lines enclosing an area and characterized by area and perimeter

Vector Model

Line Point Polygon

Polygon Point

Line

Thanks

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