Mattias

Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Mattias Wennstrm
Uppsala University
Sweden
Promises of Wireless
MIMO Systems


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Outline
Introduction...why MIMO??
Shannon capacity of MIMO systems
The pipe interpretation
To exploit the MIMO channel
BLAST
Space Time Coding
Beamforming
Comparisons & hardware issues
Space time coding in 3G & EDGE


Telatar, AT&T 1995








Foschini, Bell Labs 1996
Tarokh, Seshadri & Calderbank 1998
Release 99


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Why multiple antennas ????
Frequency and time processing are at limits
Space processing is interesting because it
does not increase bandwidth

Adaptive Antennas
interference cancellation
Phased array
range extension,
interference reduction MIMO
Systems
(diversity)
Specular
channels
Scattering
channels
outdoor
indoor


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Initial Assumptions
Flat fading channel (B
coh
>> 1/ T
symb
)
Slowly fading channel (T
coh
>> T
symb
)
n
r
receive and n
t
transmit antennas
Noise limited system (no CCI)
Receiver estimates the channel perfectly
We consider space diversity only


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
H
11

H
21

Classical receive diversity

= log
2
[1+(P
T
/o
2
)|H|
2
] [bit/(Hzs)]
H = [ H
11
H
21
]

Capacity increases logarithmically
with number of receive antennas...
(

+ =
*
2
2
det log HH I
t
T
n
P
C


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Transmit diversity / beamforming
H
11

H
12

C
diversity
= log
2
(1+(P
T
/2o
2
)|H|
2
) [bit/(Hzs)]
C
beamforming
= log
2
(1 +(P
T
/o
2
)|H|
2
)
[bit/(Hzs)]
3 dB SNR increase if transmitter knows H
Capacity increases logarithmically with n
t



Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
H
11

H
22

Multiple Input Multiple Output systems
H
12

H
21

(

=
22 21
12 11
H H
H H
H
C
diversity
= log
2
det[I +(P
T
/2o
2
)HH

]=

(

+ +
(

+ =
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
1 log
2
1 log
o

o
T T
P P
Where the
i
are the
eigenvalues to HH

2

m=min(n
r
, n
t
) parallel channels,
equal power allocated to each pipe

Interpretation:
Receiver
Transmitter


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
MIMO capacity in general

=
(

+ =
=
(

+ =
m
i
i
t
T
t
T
n
P
HH
n
P
I C
1
2
2
*
2
2
1 log
det log

o
o
H unknown at TX
H known at TX

=
(

+ =
m
i
i i
p
C
1
2
2
1 log
o

Where the power distribution over

pipes are given by a water filling
solution

= =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
m
i
m
i
i
i T
p P
1 1
1

4

p
1

p
2

p
3

p
4

) , min(
t r
n n m =


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
The Channel Eigenvalues
Orthogonal channels HH

=I,
1
=
2
= =
m
= 1
) / 1 ( log ) , min( 1 log
2
2
1
2
2 t T r t
m
i
i
t
T
n P n n
n
P
C o
o
+ =
(

+ =

=
diversity
Capacity increases linearly with min( n
r
, n
t
)
An equal amount of power P
T
/n
t
is allocated
to each pipe
Transmitter
Receiver


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Random channel models and
Delay limited capacity
In stochastic channels,
the channel capacity becomes a random
variable
Define : Outage probability P
out
= Pr{ C < R }
Define : Outage capacity R
0
given a outage
probability P
out
= Pr{ C < R
0
}, this is the delay
limited capacity.
Outage probability approximates the
Word error probability for coding blocks of approx length100


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Example : Rayleigh fading channel
H
ij
CN (0,1)
n
r
=1 n
r
= n
t
Ordered eigenvalue
distribution for
n
r
= n
t
= 4 case.





Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
To Exploit the MIMO Channel
Time
s0
s0
s0
s0
s0
s0
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s2
s2
s2
s2
V-BLAST
D-BLAST
s1 s1 s1 s1 s1 s1
s2 s2 s2 s2 s2 s2
s3 s3 s3 s3 s3 s3
n
r
> n
t
required
Symbol by symbol detection.
Using nulling and symbol
cancellation
V-BLAST implemented -98
by Bell Labs (40 bps/Hz)
If one pipe is bad in BLAST
we get errors ...
Bell Labs Layered
Space Time Architecture
{G.J.Foschini, Bell Labs Technical Journal 1996 }


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Space Time Coding
Use parallel channel to obtain diversity not
spectral efficiency as in BLAST
Space-Time trellis codes : coding and diversity
gain (require Viterbi detector)
Space-Time block codes : diversity gain
(use outer code to get coding gain)
n
r
= 1 is possible
Properly designed codes acheive diversity of n
r
n
t
*{V.Tarokh, N.Seshadri, A.R.Calderbank
Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication:
Performance Criterion and Code Construction
, IEEE Trans. On Information Theory March 1998 }


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Orthogonal Space-time Block Codes
STBC
Block of K
symbols
K input symbols, T output symbols T> K
R=K/T is the code rate
If R=1 the STBC has full rate
If T= n
t
the code has minimum delay
Detector is linear !!!

Block of T
symbols
n
t
transmit
antennas
Constellation
mapper
Data in
*{V.Tarokh, H.Jafarkhani, A.R.Calderbank
Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs,
IEEE Trans. On Information Theory June 1999 }


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
STBC for 2 Transmit Antennas
[ c
0
c
1
]
(

*
0 1
*
1 0
c c
c c
Time
Antenna
Full rate and
minimum delay
1
*
0 2
*
1 1 1
0 1 2 0 1 0
n c h c h r
n c h c h r
+ + =
+ + =
Assume 1 RX antenna:
Received signal at time 0
Received signal at time 1


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
n c H r + =
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
1
0
*
1
0
*
1
*
2
2 1
*
1
0
, , ,
c
c
n
n
h h
h h
r
r
c n H r
n c H n H c H H r H r
~ ~
2
* * *
+ = + = =
F
Diagonal matrix due to orthogonality
The MIMO/ MISO system is in fact
transformed to an equivalent SISO system
with SNR

SNR
eq
= || H ||
F
2
SNR/n
t

|| H ||
F
2
=
1
+
2


1
+
2



Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
The existence of Orthogonal STBC
Real symbols : For n
t
=2,4,8 exists delay optimal
full rate codes.
For n
t
=3,5,6,7,>8 exists full rate
codes with delay (T>K)
Complex symbols : For n
t
=2 exists delay optimal
full rate codes.
For n
t
=3,4 exists rate 3/4 codes
For n
t
> 4 exists (so far)
rate 1/2 codes
Example: n
t
=4, K=3, T=4
R=3/4
| |
(
(
(
(

*
1 2
*
3
*
1 3
*
2
*
2
*
3 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0
0
0
0
s s s
s s s
s s s
s s s
s s s


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Outage capacity of STBC
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
2
1 log
F
t
H
n
SNR
C
STBC (

+ =
-
HH
n
SNR
I C
t
det log
2 diversity
Optimal capacity
STBC is optimal
wrt capacity if
HH

= || H ||
F
2

which is the case for
MISO systems
Low rank channels



Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Performance of the STBC
(Rayleigh faded channel)
|| H ||
F
2
=
1
+
2
+ .. +
m
n
t
=4 transmit antennas and
n
r
is varied.

The PDF of
Assume BPSK modulation
BER is then given by


|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
~
t r
t r
n n
b
n n
n n
SNR
P
t r
1 2
4
1
Diversity gain
n
r
n
t
which is
same as for
orthogonal
channels



Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
MIMO With Beamforming
Requires that channel H is known at the transmitter
Is the capacity-optimal transmission strategy if
C
beamforming
= log
2
(1+SNR
1
) [bit/(Hzs)]
SNR >
1 2
1 1

Which is often true for line of sight (LOS) channels
Only one pipe is used


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Comparisons...
2 * 2 system. With specular component (Ricean fading)
One dominating
eigenvalue. BF puts
all energy into
that pipe


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Correlated channels / Mutual coupling ...
When angle spread (A)
is small, we have a
dominating eigenvalue.
The mutual coupling
actually
improves the performance
of the STBC by making the
eigenvalues more equal
in magnitude.


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
WCDMA Transmit diversity concept
(3GPP Release 99 with 2 TX antennas)
2 modes
Open loop (STTD)
Closed loop (1 bit / slot feedback)
Submode 1 (1 phase bit)
Submode 2 (3 phase bits / 1 gain bit)
Open loop mode is exactly the
2 antenna STBC
(

*
0 1
*
1 0
s s
s s
The feedback bits (1500 Hz) determines the beamformer weights
Submode 1 Equal power and bit chooses phase between
{0,180} / {90/270}
Submode 2 Bit one chooses power division {0.8 , 0.2} / {0.2 , 0.8}
and 3 bits chooses phase in an 8-PSK constellation


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
GSM/EDGE Space time coding proposal
Frequency selective channel
Require new software in terminals ..
Invented by Erik Lindskog
Time Reversal Space Time Coding (works for 2 antennas)
Time reversal Complex conjugate
Time reversal Complex conjugate -1
S(t)
S
1
(t)
S
2
(t)
Block


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group
Take- home message
Channel capacity increases linearly
with min(n
r
, n
t
)
STBC is in the 3GPP WCDMA proposal