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Prepared by: Noor Afida Ayu Mamat Siti Najwa Baharim Siti Syahrun NurulAin Mohd Misan
Banduras Biography
Born December 4, 1925 in Mundare which is a small town in northern Alberta, Canada Received his bachelor degree in psychology at University of British Columbia. Continued his schooling at University of Iowa and received his PHD in 1952. He was at the University of Iowa where he became familiar with behaviorist tradition and learning theory. In 1953, he wrote his first book along side of Richard Walters called Adolescent Aggression. He was the President of American Psychological Association In 1980 he received the APA award for distinguished scientific contributions. He presently works at Stanford University
Bandura distinguishes between the acquisition of knowledge (learning) and the observable performance based on that knowledge or (behaviour) Both internal and external factors are important., interacting in the process of learning. Reciprocal Determinism. An explanation of behaviour that emphasizes the mutual effects of the individual and the environment on each other. Distinction between enactive and vicarious learning. Enactive learning is learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions. Consequences are seen as providing information about appropriate actions, creating expectations, and influencing motivation. Vicarious learning is learning by observing others. Emphasizes the powerful effect that modelling and imitation can have on learning
Attentional Processes
One cannot imitate a model without paying attention to the model. A model is often attractive because of the qualities he or she posses. These qualities such as prestige, power, and success gain the attention of the observer and begin the process of observational learning.
Retention Processes
Retention process is the way one remembers the models actions so he can imitate them. Bandura explains, In order to reproduce social behavior when the model is no longer present to serve as a guide, the response patterns must be represented in memory in symbolic form. Example: mentally rehearsing the actions or practicing the actions will help one remember what he learned.
Symbolic Models
Models presented through oral or written instructions, pictorially, or through a combination of verbal and pictorial devices. The media is a good example of pictorially presented models.
television movies radio
Retention Processes
Behavior must be remembered in order to imitate
Images Descriptive verbal symbols Rehearsal
Those who use symbolic coding and rehearsal remember more than passive observers
Exemplary Models
Exemplary: Live model National heroes, villains, neighbors, family members Reference to a models behavior and characteristics
Observable behavior of block and non-block behaves Direct impersonation Elicitation Imitation
2. Encouraging alreadylearned behaviours. All of us have had the experience of looking for cues from other people when we find ourselves in unfamiliar situations. Observing the behaviour of others tell us much of which our already learnedbehaviours to use.
4.Directing attention
5. Arousing Emotion. OL may develop emotional reactions to situations they themselves have never experienced. Students may be anxious when they are assigned to a certain teacher because theyve heard frightening stories about how mean that teacher is. Note that hearing and reading about a situation are also forms of observation