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ABSTRACT
IR Sensors used on either sides of the road send logic commands for the LEDs at the output to get glowing for a patch ahead. Intensity control is also possible by pulse width modulation based on sensing the movement and density of vehicles. Thus this way of dynamically changing intensity or off to on helps in saving a lot of energy. A programmable microcontroller is engaged to provide different duty cycle for different intensities at different density conditions.
PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGY
High intensity discharge lamp (HID) presently used for urban street light are based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not controllable by any voltage reduction method as the discharge path is broken.
PRESENT
DAY TECHNOLOGY
White Light Emitting Diode (LED) based lamps are soon replacing the HID lamps in street light. As these LEDs can switch faster than HID lamps we can apply PWM concept to these LEDs. LEDs consume less power compared to HID lamps. Life time of LEDs is also more.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
TRANSFORMER (230 12 V AC) VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805) RECTIFIER FILTER PIC MICROCONTROLLER (PIC16F877A) LEDS
PHOTODIODES
POTENTIAL DIVIDER BC547 1N4007 RESISTORS CAPACITORS
POWER SUPPLY
230 V AC 50 Hz 12V step down transformer Bridge rectifier Filter(470f) 5v Regulator
5V DC
The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down transformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of about 470microf to 100microF. The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v. The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small electrolytic capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise so generated by the circuit. One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of 330ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltage to indicate 5v power supply availability.
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PIC MICROCONTROLLER(PIC16F877A)
High-Performance RISC CPU:
Only 35 single-word instructions. All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two cycle. Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory. Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin, PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers.
Peripheral Features:
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler. Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock. Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler. Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules - Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns - Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns - PWM max resolution is 10-bit Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Master/Slave). Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection. Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only). Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR).
The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval or period of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time.
Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch.
PWM works also well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off
The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is.
PHOTO DIODE
A photodiode is a type of photo detector
IR LED
An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors. The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.
OPERATION OF PROJECT
There are two basic modes of operation, 1. Transition of streetlights from dark to bright state.
When a vehicle is not present on the highway, then the streetlights are made to glow for about 1ms and then for 100ms they are switched off. Thus, we get streetlights with less brightness.
When a vehicle is sensed, all the streetlights are illuminated for 1ms and the window of streetlights are illuminated for 100ms. Thus we have a PWM wave of 99% duty cycle.
ADVANTAGES Power saving LEDs consume less power Easily implementable Low cost