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Carriers (trasportatore)
A common, usually called simply a carrier offers its services, transport of goods or people, to the general public under license or authority provided by a regulatory body. A contract carrier (also called a public carrier in UK English), is a carrier that transports goods for only a certain number of clients and that can refuse to transport goods for anyone else.
A private carrier is a company that transports only their own goods. Usually the carrier's primary business is not transport but something else.
Courier (Corriere)
Couriers deliver messages, packages, and mail and are distinguished from ordinary mail services by features such as speed, security, tracking. A courier service is worth using if you need to get a sample to a customer urgently. For many exporters of low-weight items of high value, a courier company is an important partner in the export process. The courier will ensure that important documents (such as contracts, transport documents, proposals, presentations, catalogues, brochures, etc.) get to the foreign customer safely. Although courier companies are generally considered to handle small packages, many of the large companies such as DHL are expanding their operations to handle any specialised urgent cargos.
vessel, provides a point to point service which may include several modes of transport and/or undertake groupage of less container load (LCL) shipments and issuing a corresponding transport document.
Customs Broker
A customs broker performs transactions at ports on behalf of other parties, e.g.: an importer hires a customs broker to guide their goods into a country.
Like the forwarder, the broker will recommend efficient means for clearing goods through the maze of customs entry protocol. The broker can also estimate the landed costs for shipments entering the country.
Brokers must have expertise in the entry procedures, admissibility requirements, classification, valuation, and the rates of duty and applicable taxes and fees for imported merchandise.
In such an arrangement, the forwarder functions as an independent distribution or logistical company known as the NVOCC (nonvessel operating common carrier) or NVO (nonvessel owner or nonvessel owning carrier), or commonly referred to as the ocean freight consolidator.
Definition of 3PL
The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals, defines 3PL as: "A firm that provides multiple logistics services for use by customers. Preferably, these services are integrated, or bundled together, by the provider. Among the services 3PLs provide are transport, warehousing, cross-docking, inventory management, packaging, and freight forwarding."
Types of 3PL
Freight forwarders
Courier companies
Other companies integrating & offering subcontracted logistics and transport services
Definition of 4PL
A 4PL provider is a consulting firm specialized in logistics, transport, and supply chain management. A 4PL is an independent, singularly accountable, non-asset based integrator of a client's supply and demand chains.
4PL providers
To avoid any conflict of interest, it is important that the 4PL provider be non-asset based, as far as logistics, transport, and supply chain management assets are concerned. 4PL use 2PLs and/or 3PLs to supply service to customers, owning only computer systems and intellectual capital.