IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL

FOOTINGS

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General The foundation or sub-structure is that part of a structure which is usually placed below ground level and which transmits the load to the underlying soil. All soils compress when loaded and cause the supported structure to settle. Two essential requirements in the design of a foundation are: Total settlement of the structure should be limited to tolerable limits. Differential settlement of the various parts of a structure should be eliminated as far as possible.

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To limit the settlement, it is necessary to: Transmit the load to a soil of sufficient strength. Spread the load over a sufficiently large area to minimize the bearing pressure.

If suitable soil is not found, it is necessary to use deep foundation such as piles or caissons. If satisfactory soil is found underneath, it is merely necessary to spread the load of the footing and such a footing is called Spread footing.

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Types of Footings Different types of footing are: Wall footing Isolated column footing Combined footing

Strap footing
Pile foundation Raft foundation Grid foundation

LOAD, BEARING PRESSURE & FOOTING SIZE FOOTINGS

Load, Bearing Pressure and Footing Size Allowable soil pressure is determined from the principles of Soil Mechanics. FOS 2.5 to 3.0 Effective soil pressure = qe = qa- wt of footing - wt of soil on top of footing For concentrically loaded footing Area of footing required = (D+L)/qe Most codes permit 33% increase in allowable soil pressure when effect of wind or earthquake is included Area of footing required =( D+L+E)/1.33 qe

LOAD, BEARING PRESSURE & FOOTINGS FOOTING SIZE

Area of footing provided is larger of paras above. Loads are un factored and values are taken at the base of footing. For eccentrically loaded footing q max min = P/A My/I

if eccentricity falls outside the kern, one value of q is

negative

LOAD, BEARING PRESSURE & FOOTINGS FOOTING SIZE

Notations a = Width of wall in inches c = Width of column in inches B = Width of footing in ft L = Length of footing in ft D = Dead load L = Live load qa = Allowable bearing pressure / capacity qe = Effective bearing pressure / capacity qu = Design soil pressure ( Factored )

PROVISIONS OF ACI CODE (CH-15) FOOTINGS

Provisions of ACI Code (Chap. 15 )
Size of footing. Size of footing shall be determined from un factored loads and moments. (ACI 15.2.2) Design of Footing. Footing shall be designed to resist factored loads and induced reactions. (ACI 15.2.1). Shear in Footings. Critical section for one way shear or beam shear shall be taken at a distance d from the face of column or wall. (ACI 15.5.2 and 11.1.3.1).

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PROVISIONS OF ACI CODE (CH-15) FOOTINGS

Moments in Footing (ACI 15.4) External moment at any section of a footing shall be determined by passing a vertical plane through the footing and computing the moment of the forces acting on one side of that vertical plane. Critical section for B.M. shall be taken at the face of the concrete column, pedestal or concrete wall.

Critical section for moment in footings supporting a masonry wall shall be taken at half way between middle and edge of the wall.

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FOOTINGS PROVISIONS OF ACI CODE (CH-15)

Minimum Footing Depth (ACI 15.7) 6 for footing resting on soil

Distribution of reinforcement in footing

In one way footing and two way square footing, reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across entire width of footing. ACI 15.4.3 In rectangular footing, reinforcement in long direction shall be distributed uniformly. In short direction, a portion of total reinforcement given by equation below, shall be placed in band width equal to width of short side. ACI Code 15.4.4

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Rft in band width = [2/(+1)]xTotal rft in short direction where is ratio of long side to short side of footing.

WALLFOOTINGS FOOTING DESIGN PROCEDURE Wall Footing

Design Procedure.
Design of wall footing is based on the analysis of a typical 1 foot slice cut by transverse planes normal to the longitudinal axis of the wall.

Figure. Basis of wall footing design

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Effective Soil Pressure. Assume thickness of footing and density of soil Effective soil pressure = qe = qa - wt of concrete - wt of soil

WALL FOOTING DESIGN PROCEDURE FOOTINGS

Width of Footing width of footing=B= ( D+L ) /qe

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Design Soil Pressure
Design soil pressure=qu=(1.2D+1.6L)/Area provided

= (1.2D+1.6L) / Bx1
Thickness of Footing. Critical section for shear in a footing supporting a R.C.C or a masonry wall lies at a distance d from face of wall (ACI 11.1.3.1) Vu = qu [(B - a)/2 d)] and Vc = 2fc.b.d/1000 .(i) ..(ii)

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WALL FOOTING DESIGN PROCEDURE FOOTINGS

Equate (i) and (ii) to find value of d Thickness of footing = h = d+3+db/2 Compare the thickness of footing with assumed value in step -1 (Assume 3 concrete cover) d actual = h 3 db/2 Design Moment R.C.C Wall. Critical section for B.M lies at the face of the wall (ACI 15.4.2) Mu= qu(B - a)/2 x (B - a)/2 = qu/8 (B - a/12)2

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WALL FOOTING FOOTINGS DESIGN PROCEDURE

Masonry Wall. Critical section for B.M is at mid point between centre line of wall and face of the wall (ACI 15.4.2) Distance of Critical section from edge of footing = (B _ a/2 + a/4) = (2B-a)/4

Mu=qu(2B-a)/4 x (2B-a)/4 = qu(2B-a/12)2 /32

Area of Steel. Find the steel ratio by flexural eqn As = xbxd check As > Asmin= 3 fc /fy b.d 200/fy bd (ACI Code 10.5.1)

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WALL FOOTING DESIGN PROCEDURE FOOTINGS

Development Length. ACI Code 12.2.3 ld/db=3/40xfy / [fc (c+Ktr)/db] or 12 The term (c+Ktr)/db shall not be taken greater than 2.5 ld aval=distance between critical section and edge of the footing _ cover

WALL FOOTING DESIGN PROCEDURE FOOTINGS

Temp and Shrinkage Reinforcement. ACI 7.12.1 As(sh) =0.002bxh = 0.0018bxh (for grade 40 or 50 steel) (for grade 60 steel)

Sketch. Draw sketch showing the depth of footing dimension of wall, footing, clear concrete cover and steel reinforcement.

DESIGN EXAMPLES - WALL FOOTINGS

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Types of Column Footings.
Single Slab. In the simplest form, they consist of a single slab. Single column footings are usually square in plan. Rectangular footings are used if space restrictions dictate this choice or the supported columns are of strongly elongated cross section. Stepped Footing. In stepped footing, a pedestal or cap is interposed between column and footing slab. Pedestal provides for a favourable transfer of load and is required to provide necessary development length of dowels. All parts must be cast monolithically

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Slopped Footings. They require less concrete than stepped or single slab but require additional labour.

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Shear and Flexural Behaviour of Footings
To simplify design, footings are assumed to be rigid and the supporting soil elastic. Consequently, uniform or uniformly varying soil distribution can be assumed. Column footing can be considered as an inverted floor where the soil pressure is acting as a load on the slab causing bending and shear in a similar manner to a floor slab subjected to gravity loads.

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When heavy loads are involved, it has been found that shear controls the thickness of footing rather than bending. The mechanism of shear failure in a footing is similar to that in supported floor slabs. (Flat Plate) Shear capacity is considerably higher than that of a beam.

Footings in most cases, bend in double curvature; shear and bending about both principle axes have to be considered for column footing.

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Design of Column Footing
The required bearing area is obtained by dividing the total service load by effective soil pressure. In computing B.M and shear force, only the upward soil pressure that is caused by factored column loads is considered. Column footing behaves as a cantilever projecting out in both directions from the edge of the column. It is designed to resist the bending moment and shear force produced by the upward soil pressure.

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Footing is checked for punching shear (two way

shear) and beam shear (one way shear). No shear

reinforcement is provided in footings. Reinforcement for flexure is provided in both directions at the bottom, perpendicular to each other and parallel to the edges. Effective depth d is taken

for upper layer and the same is used for other

direction.

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Shear in Column Footings
The thickness of footings is mostly governed by SHEAR. Since column footings are subjected to two way action i.e. bend in both major direction, their performance in shear is much like that of flat plate in the vicinity of column. It is NOT economical and practical to use shear reinforcement in footing and shear is carried only by the concrete. Two different types of shear strengths are distinguished in footings: Two way shear or punching shear and one way shear or beam shear.

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A column supported by footing slab tends to punch through it because of the shear stresses that act in the footing slab around the perimeter of the column. At the same time, the concentrated compressive stresses from the column spread out into the footing so that the concrete adjacent to the column is in vertical or slightly inclined compression, in addition to shear. In consequence, if failure occurs, the fracture takes the form of the truncated pyramid (as shown in fig) with sides sloping outwards at an angle approaching 450.

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The average shear stress in concrete that fails in this manner can be taken as that acting on a vertical plane through the footing, around the column, on a perimeter, at a dist d/2 from the face of the column. ACI Code 11.12.1.2&3.

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The concrete subjected to shear stress is also subjected to vertical compression from the stresses spreading out from the column and in horizontal compression in both major directions because of biaxial B.M. in the footing. This triaxiality of stresses increase the shear strength of concrete. Tests conducted on footing and slabs have shown that for punching type failure, the shear stress computed on critical perimeter (area) is larger than one way shear.

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ACI Code 11.12.2.1 gives nominal punching shear strength on the perimeter. Vc = 4 fc bo.d where bo is the shear perimeter around the

column at a distance d/2 from its face.

For column of elongated cross section,

Vc = (2+4/c) fc bo.d
where c is ratio of long side to short side of column.

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For the case in which ratio of critical perimeter to slab depth, bo/d is very large,

Vc = (s.d /bo + 2) fc bo.d

The lowest of the three values governs. Shear failure can also occur, as in beam or one way slab, at a section located at a distance d from the face of the column and shear strength given by equation in ACI Code 11.3.1.1 Vc = 2 fc b.d where b is the width of slab subjected to shear.

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DESIGN PROCEDURE- COLUMN FOOTING
Effective Soil Pressure. Assume thickness concrete footing and soil density. qe = qa - wt of concrete footing - wt of soil of

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Area of Footing Required. Area of footing req=(D+L)/qe (Loads are un factored). Determine the dimensions of footing

Shear. Thickness of column footing is generally controlled by shear and effective depth is taken for upper layer Effective depth = d = h _ 3 _ 1.5 db
Punching Shear. Critical section for shear is at a distance d/2 from the face of column.

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Vu1= qu [B2-{(c+d)/12}2] Vc is smallest of the following ( ACI 11.12.2.1) Vc1 = (2+4/c) fc bod Vc1 = (s.d/bo+2) fc bo.d and

Vc1 = 4 fc bod
where bo= shear perimeter = 4(c+d) (For sq column)

Vc1 > Vu1 If not, increase d

One-way Shear. Critical section for one way shear lies at a distance d from face of column

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Vu2 = qu [(B-c/12 )/ 2 d/12].B Vc2 = 2fc x Bx12xd /1000 Vc2 > Vc2 Bending Moment. the face of the column. Mu= qu/8 [(B-c/12)2 x B] O.K. Critical section for B.M. lies at

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Steel Ratio and Area of Steel max= 0.75x0.85 1 fc/fy 87/(87+fy) Find from formula Mu= bd2 fy (1 0.59 fy/fc), As= x b .d. As > Asmin= 200/fy b.d 3fc/ fy b.d where, b = Bx12

Detailing (No of bars)

No of bars = As / Ab

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Development Length. ld= 3/40.fc/ fy. . /(c + Ktr / db)..ACI 12.2.3 Apply M.F. if applicable Compare ld with ld available

ld aval = ( Bx12 - c) / 2 - 3
If ld is not available, Provide hooks.

ldh= (0.02 fy / fc) db but not less than 8 db or 6

ACI 12.5.2. Apply M.F. if applicable ACI 12.5.3

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Check For Transfer of Load. Pu =1.4D+1.7L Pb= 0.85 fc A1(A2/A1) < 0.85 fc A1x2 If Pb < Pu, provide dowel for extra load otherwise provide minimum area of dowel. Minimum Area of dowels = 0.5% of column cross

section area. (ACI 15.8.2.1).

Use minimum 4 bars as dowel in square and rectangular column.

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Check For Development Length of Dowel. Into Footing. Bars must extend for a distance equal to development length of bar in compression

ldb= 0.02 db fy/fc but not less than 0.0003dbfy

Into Column. Dowel must extend into column equal to development length of larger bar or splice length of smaller bar (splice length=0.0005 db fy) whichever is larger . ACI Code 12.16.1

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Sketch. Draw sketch showing footing size concrete cover and steel arrangement.

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Distribution of Reinforcement in Rectangular Footing.
Reinforcement in the long direction is uniformly

distributed over the entire width.

In short direction, the support provided by the footing to the column is concentrated near the middle and consequently the curvature of the footing is sharpest i.e. moment / ft is largest under the

column. Moment decreases with increasing distance

from the column and thus a larger area of steel per

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longitudinal / ft is needed in the central portion than the far ends of the footing. According to ACI 15.4.4, for reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total reinforcement (Given by eqn below) shall be distributed uniformly over a band width equal to length of short side of the footing. The remainder of the reinforcement required in short direction shall be distributed uniformly outside the centre band width of footing. Reinforcement in band width/Total reinforcement = = 2/(+1) where is ratio of long side to short side of footing.

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DESIGN EXAMPLES COLUMN FOOTING DESIGN EXAMPLE - TWO COLUMN FOOTING

ANY QUESTION ?