Background and Preview

Background and Preview

2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Haykin/Communication Systems, 4th Ed

Background and Preview

The Communication Process

Communication involves transmission of information from one point to another through a succession of processes
The generation of a message signal : voice, music, picture, or computer data. The description of that message signal with a certain measure of precision, by a set of symbols: electrical, aural, or visual. The encoding of these symbols in a form that is suitable for transmission over a physical medium of interest. The transmission of the encoded symbols to the desired destination. The decoding and reproduction of the original symbols. The re-creation of the original message signal, with a definable degradation in quality; the degradation is caused by imperfections in the system.

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Elements of a communication system

There are three basic elements to every communication system, namely, transmitter, channel, and receiver

2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Haykin/Communication Systems, 4th Ed

Background and Preview

Elements of a communication system

Two basic modes of communication: Broadcasting involves the use of a single powerful transmitter and numerous receivers that are relatively inexpensive to build Here informationbearing signals flow only in one direction Point-to-point communication communication process takes place over a link between a single transmitter and a receiver bidirectional flow of informationbearing signals,

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Primary Communication Resources

Two primary resources are employed: transmitted power and channel bandwidth The transmitted power is the average power of the transmitted signal. The channel bandwidth is defined as the band of frequencies allocated for the transmission of the message signal Communication channels may be classified as power limited or band limited.
For example, the telephone circuit is a typical band-limited channel, whereas a space communication link or satellite channel is typically power limited.

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Primary Communication Resources

Another important point is the unavoidable presence of noise in a communication system Noise refers to unwanted waves that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of message signals in a communication system.
The sources of noise may be internal or external to the system.

A quantitative way to account for the effect of noise is to introduce signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a system parameter.

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Sources of Information
The telecommunications environment is dominated by four important sources of information: speech, music, pictures, and computer data. A source of information may be characterized in terms of the signal that carries the information. A signal is defined as a single-valued function of time that plays the role of the independent variable; at every instant of time, the function has a unique value. The signal can be one-dimensional, as in the case of speech, music, or computer data; two-dimensional, as in the case of pictures; three-dimensional, as in the case of video data; and four-dimensional, as in the case of volume data over time.

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Communication networks
Consists of an interconnection of a number of routers made up of intelligent processors (e.g., microprocessors). The primary purpose of these processors is to route data through the network

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Communication networks
The telephone network is an example of a communication network in which circuit switching is used to provide a dedicated communication path, or circuit, between two hosts. In circuit switching, a communication link is shared between the different sessions using that link on a fixed allocation basis. In packet switching, on the other hand, the sharing is done on a demand basis, so it has an advantage over circuit switching in that when a link has traffic to send, the link may be more fully utilized.

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Communication networks
The design of a data network may proceed by looking at the network in terms of a layered architecture Layer refers to a process or device inside a computer system, designed to perform a specific function. In a layered architecture, each layer regards the next lower layer as one or more black boxes with some given functional specification to be used by the given higher layer. In the OSI reference model, the communications and connection related functions are organized as a series of layers, or levels, with well-defined interfaces, and with each layer built on its predecessor.

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OSI model; the acronym DLC in the middle of the figure stands for data link control.

2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Haykin/Communication Systems, 4th Ed

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Communication Channels
The transmission of information across a communication network is accomplished in the physical layer by means of a communication channel. We may distinguish two basic groups of communication channels: channels based on guided propagation
Includes telephone channels, coaxial cables, and optical fibers.

channel based on free propagation

includes wireless broadcast channels, mobile radio channels, and satellite channels.

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Communication Channels
The telephone channel is a bandwidth-limited channel The restriction on bandwidth arises from the requirement of sharing the channel among a multitude of users at any one time. A practical solution is to minimize the channel bandwidth requirement, subject to a satisfactory transmission of human voice. A speech signal (male or female) is essentially limited to a band from 300 to 3100 Hz in the sense that frequencies outside this band do not contribute much to articulation efficiency.

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Characteristics of typical telephone connection: (a) Insertion loss. (b) Envelope delay. (Adapted from Bellamy, 1991.)

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Insertion loss (in dB) is defined as 10 log10(P0/PL), where PL is the power delivered to a load from a source via the channel and P0 is the power delivered to the same load when it is connected directly to the source.

envelope delay is defined as the negative of the derivative of the phase response with respect to the angular frequency = 2f

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Analog and Communication

Digital

Types

of

We can design the transmitter and receiver using digital or analog communication system The design of an analog communication is simple in conceptual terms but difficult to built

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Block diagram of digital communication system.

2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Haykin/Communication Systems, 4th Ed

Background and Preview

Elements of a digital communication system. (a) Block diagram of transmitter. (b) Block diagram of channel. (c) Block diagram of receiver.

2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Haykin/Communication Systems, 4th Ed