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Community Ecology
Chapter Overview Questions
What determines the number of species in a
community?
How can we classify species according to
their roles in a community?
How do species interact with one another?
How do communities respond to changes in
environmental conditions?
Does high species biodiversity increase the
stability and sustainability of a community?
Updates Online
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Figure 7-1
Core Case Study:
Why Should We Care about the
American Alligator?
Dig deep depressions (gator holes).
Hold water during dry spells, serve as refuges
for aquatic life.
Build nesting mounds.
provide nesting and feeding sites for birds.
Keeps areas of open water free of vegetation.
Alligators are a keystone species:
Help maintain the structure and function of the
communities where it is found.
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND
SPECIES DIVERSITY
Sexual
Reproduction Tadpole
PLAY
VIDEO
Figure 7-7
Niche Specialization
Niches become
separated to
avoid competition
for resources.
Figure 7-6
Number of individuals
Species 1 Species 2
Region
of
niche overlap
Resource use
Number of individuals
Species 1 Species 2
Figure 7-8
(a) Span worm Fig. 7-8a, p. 153
(b) Wandering leaf insect
Fig. 7-8b, p. 153
(c) Bombardier beetle
Fig. 7-8c, p. 153
(d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
Fig. 7-8d, p. 153
(e) Poison dart frog
Fig. 7-8e, p. 153
(f) Viceroy butterfly mimics
monarch butterfly Fig. 7-8f, p. 153
(g) Hind wings of Io moth
resemble eyes of a much
larger animal. Fig. 7-8g, p. 153
(h) When touched, snake
caterpillar changes shape
to look like head of snake.
Two species
can interact in
ways that
benefit both of
them.
Figure 7-9
(a) Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros Fig. 7-9a, p. 154
(b) Clownfish and sea anemone Fig. 7-9b, p. 154
(c) Mycorrhizal fungi on juniper seedlings
in normal soil Fig. 7-9c, p. 154
(d) Lack of mycorrhizal fungi on juniper seedlings
in sterilized soil Fig. 7-9d, p. 154
Commensalism: Using without Harming
Some species
interact in a way
that helps one
species but has
little or no effect
on the other.
Figure 7-10
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION:
COMMUNITIES IN TRANSITION
New environmental conditions allow one
group of species in a community to replace
other groups.
Ecological succession: the gradual change
in species composition of a given area
Primary succession: the gradual establishment
of biotic communities in lifeless areas where
there is no soil or sediment.
Secondary succession: series of communities
develop in places containing soil or sediment.
Primary Succession:
Starting from Scratch
Primary
succession
begins with an
essentially
lifeless are
where there is
no soil in a
terrestrial
ecosystem
Figure 7-11
Lichens
Exposed
and mosses
rocks
ir,
Balsam hf , and
birc
Jack pinec, e,paperite spruce
ma t black sprpuen wh forest
Small herbs Heath and as i ty
and shrubs commun
Time
Figure 7-12
k ory forest
tur e oak-hic
n e forest Ma
n g p i
You
d e v e loping
Shrubs wi th ak
ial
Perenn d r s t ory of o
l an and pine un d e
y trees
Annua weeds seedlings and h i c ko r
weeds grasse
s
Time