Well Testing

Overview of Well Test Analysis

2
Information from Well Tests
Reservoir information
Extents and structure
Permeability and skin
Pressure
GOR
Samples for PVT analysis
Production estimation
3
Well Test Applications
Exploration
reservoir size, hydrocarbon volume, hydrocarbon type, productivity
(is this zone economic?, how large is the reservoir?)
Reservoir Development
pressure, permeability, connectivity, productivity, formation damage,
drive mechanism
(what is the reservoir pressure?, how can we estimate reserves?, forecast
future performance, optimize production)
Reservoir Management
pressure, permeability, drainage, sweep efficiency, formation damage
(is the well damaged?, stimulation treatment efficiency, why is the well not
performing as expected?)
Development wells
5
Testing and reservoir development
Testing informs the state of the reservoir at the time of the
test.
In case of unexpected production, testing helps the
understanding of reservoir drive mechanisms, infill drilling
and prodution optimization.
On mature reservoirs, testing information may steer to
strategical decisions and the revision of recoverable
reserves.

Amerada Pressure Gauge
CLOCK
CHART
VERTICAL CHART
MOVEMENT (TIME)
BOURDON PRESSURE ELEMENT
STYLUS MOVEMENT (PRESSURE))
STYLUS
PERMANENT SENSORS FOR REAL TIME
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND FLOW
MEASUREMENT AND FLOW CONTROL
VALVES
CAMCO MULTI-PORT,
MULTI-SET PACKER
CASING
CAMCO SIDE POCKET FLOW
MEASUREMENT STATION
(SPFLOW-S)
CAMCO SIDE POCKET FLOW
CONTROL STATION
(IDPS-H)
CAMCO ADJUSTABLE
LOCKING ECCENTRIC
SWIVEL (ALES)
1 RETRIEVABLE
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE,
& FLOW GAUGE
RETRIEVABLE INFLOW
CONTROL VALVE
(ICV)
8
Types of Well Tests
Single-well tests
Drawdown (producing a well at constant
rate beginning at time zero and measuring
the resulting pressure response)
Buildup (shutting a well that has been
producing and measuring the resulting
pressure response)
Injection (Similar to a drawdown test.
Conducted by injecting fluid into a well at
constant rate beginning at time zero and
measuring the resulting pressure
response)
Injection-falloff (Similar to a buildup test.
Conducted by shutting in an injection well
and measuring the resulting pressure
response)
Multi-rate Test

Multi-well tests
Interference tests (producing one
well at constant rate beginning at
time zero and measuring the
resulting pressure response at one or
more offset wells)
Pulse tests (alternately producing
and shutting in (pulsing) one well
beginning at time zero and
measuring the resulting pressure
response at one or more offset wells)
Typical Well Pressure
Build up Test Record
Run In Pull Out
Build-up
(well shut-in)
Flowing Gradient Stops
Static Gradient Stops
Time
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

a
t

t
h
e

w
e
l
l

Log [ ( t + t ) / t ]
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E

m = 162.5 q
o

o
B
o
/ K
o
h

Pskin = 0.87 S m
P
1hr

HORNER GRAPH GENERATED
FROM A PRESSURE BUILD UP TEST
(SKIN EFFECT DETERMINATION)
LOG-LOG DIAGNOSTIC PLOTS
(DRAWDOWN AND BUILDUP TESTS)
PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TESTING
( )






=
151 . 1
m
Pwf
1hr
Pi
S
(







=
151 . 1
m
S

)

`

+
|
|
.
|


\
|
23 . 3 log 2
w
cr
k
|

)

`

+
|
|
.
|


\
|
23 . 3 log
2
k
|
log t
P
w
f

TRANSIENT FLOW PERIOD
Pi
Pwf
1hr
Late deviation caused by
boundary effects (end of transient)

Early deviation caused by
wellbore effects

MULTIRATE FLOW TESTING
Conventional Flow After Flow Testing
(Stabilized Pwf)
t
P
q
q
4
q
3
q
2
q
1
Pr
Pwf
4

Pwf
2

Pwf
1

Pwf
3

q
o
= C(Pr
2
Pwf
2
)
n

0
MULTIRATE FLOW TESTING
FETKOVICH PLOT
FLOW RATE, STB/D
150
slope =
log10
4
- log10
3
log4000

log150

4000
q
o
= C(Pr
2
Pwf
2
)
n

n = 1 / SLOPE
MULTIRATE FLOW TESTING
Isochronal test
(Equal time tests/stabilized Pr)
(*)
t
P
q
q
4
q
3
q
2
q
1
Pr
Pwf
4

Pwf
2

Pwf
1

Pwf
3

EXTENDED
RATE
(*) Used when time for Pwf stabilization is excessive.
MULTIRATE FLOW TESTING
Modified Isochronal test
(shutdown time=producing time)
t
q q
3
q
2
q
1
Pr
EXTENDED
RATE
P
q
4
Pwf
5
Pwf
4

Pwf
2

Pwf
1

Pwf
3

Pws
1

Pws
2

Pws
3

Pws
4

(*) Used when time for Pr stabilization is
excessive.
(*)
SKIN DUE TO TURBULENT FLOW
D is the non Darcy turbulent coefficient, which can be estimated from transient tests
conducted at different rates, by plotting s versus q. Such a graph suggests that the
intercept (s) is the non-rate-dependent skin effect and D is the slope. The skin due to the
turbulence will be ( s- s).
Dq s s + =
Well Test Flow Rate, q
A
p
p
a
r
e
n
r

S
k
i
n
,

s

s
SLOPE = D
PRESSURE DROP DUE TO SKIN AND
TURBULENCE
=
k
o
h
q
o
B
o
2 . 141
o

Pskin S
Dq s s
o
D includes all high velocity effects originated in the reservoir,
damaged zone, perforations and gravel pack
D =D
R
+D
d
+D
dp
+D
G