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Pennathur
WELDING METALLURGY
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Introductory Welding Metallurgy, AWS, 1979
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min): Precipitation hardened austenitic stainless steel is used for high strength applications like rocket components etc. Reviewing the various procedures for welding precipitation hardened steels, what procedure would you recommend? Does it make any difference that this is austenitic stainless steel and not just plain Mr. R.D.Pennathur carbon steel?
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.): As we saw, the cooling rate can depend upon the preheat and the heat input. Many codes actually specify the range of heat inputs that can be used to weld certain materials. We had an equation to determine the heat input before. What is it? What processes have the highest Heat Inputs? The lowest?
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Cracking in Welds
Hydrogen cracking, also called cold cracking, requires all three of these factors
Hydrogen Stress Susceptible microstructure (high
hardness)
this can help avoid martensite formation and supplies heat to diffuse hydrogen out of the material Low-hydrogen welding procedure
Dickinson
Preheat reduces the temperature differential between the weld region and the base metal
Reduces the cooling rate, which reduces the
chance of forming martensite in steels Reduces distortion and shrinkage stress Reduces the danger of weld cracking Allows hydrogen to escape
Mr. R.D.Pennathur 0.1.1.5.1.T9.95.12
Steel
If the base material is preheated, heat flows more slowly out of the weld region
Slower cooling rates avoid martensite formation
T base
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Steel
Carbon equivalent (CE) measures ability to form martensite, which is necessary for hydrogen cracking
CE < 0.35 0.35 < CE < 0.55 0.55 < CE
no preheat or postweld heat treatment preheat preheat and postweld heat treatment
The fast cooling rates associated with welding often produce martensite During postweld heat treatment, martensite is tempered (transforms to ferrite and carbides)
Residual stress is also reduced by the postweld heat treatment Mr. R.D.Pennathur
0.1.1.5.1.T10.95.12
Steel
Postweld heat treatment (~ 1200F) tempers any martensite that may have formed
Increase in ductility and toughness Reduction in strength and hardness
Residual stress is decreased by postweld heat treatment Rule of thumb: hold at temperature for 1 hour per inch of plate thickness; minimum hold of 30 minutes
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Cracking in Welds
Occurs in thick plate subjected to high transverse welding stress Related to elongated non-metallic inclusions, sulfides and silicates, lying parallel to plate surface and producing regions of reduced ductility Prevention by
Low sulfur steel Specify minimum ductility levels in transverse direction Avoid designs with heavy through-thickness direction Mr. R.D.Pennathur stress
0.1.1.5.2.T14.95.12
Heat from subsequent passes affects the structure and properties of previous passes
Tempering Reheating to form austenite Transformation from austenite upon cooling
Complex Microstructure
Mr. R.D.Pennathur 0.1.1.5.1.T11.95.12
Steel
of
Variation of mechanical properties across joint Postweld heat treatment tempers the structure
Reduces property variations across the joint
Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Cracking in Welds
Mo-V and Mo-B steels susceptible Due to high temperature embrittlement of the heat-affected zone and the presence of residual stress Coarse-grained region near fusion line most susceptible
Prevention by
Low heat input welding Intermediate stress relief of partially completed welds Design to avoid high restraint Restrict vanadium additions to 0.1% in steels Dress the weld toe region to remove possible areas of stress concentration
Mr. R.D.Pennathur 0.1.1.5.2.T15.95.12
Stainless Steel
HAZ
Weld
Knife-line attack
dissolves titanium carbides Cooling rate doesnt allow them to form Mr. R.D.Pennathur again
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