Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Department of Hydro Science, Institute for Urban Water Management Urban Water Systems
Peter Krebs
12 Sludge Treatment
12.1 Overview 12.2 Thickening 12.3 Biological sludge stabilisation 12.4 Volume reduction 12.5 Sludge disposal
12 Sludge treatment
12 Sludge treatment
12.1 Overview
12 Sludge treatment
Composition of sludge
Predominantly water Micro-organisms
All non-degraded compounds extracted from wastewater are found in the sludge
Urban Water Systems 12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 3
Stabilisation of organic Gas production substances Reduction of dry content Improvement of dewatering Reduction of odour
Recycling of substances
Urban Water Systems
Overview
Wastewater treatment Primary, secondary, tertiary sludge
Process water
Energy
Dewatering
Drying
Gujer (1999)
Urban Water Systems
Incineration
12 Sludge treatment
12 Sludge treatment
12.2 Thickening
12 Sludge treatment
Thickening by Gravity
Gravitative separation, similar to settling tank
Additional mechanic stirring to enhance flocculation and extraction of water and gas
Supernatant is introduced to primary clarifier or if floatables and grease contents are high to grid chamber Thickened sludge is withdrawn from hopper and introduced to sludge treatment For an efficient thickening process the development of gas bubbles must be prevented
Urban Water Systems 12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 8
Gravity Thickener
Inflow Scum scimmer
Thickened sludge
Urban Water Systems 12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 9
Thickening by Flotation
Pre treatment: mostly chemical flocculation
Slude is placed in contact with air-saturated water (full flow or recycle pressurization)
Air bubbles attach to solid particles lower specific gravity than water Floating Sludge bubble composite is collected at the surface
12 Sludge treatment
Thickening by Flotation
12 Sludge treatment
Flotation unit
12 Sludge treatment
12 Sludge treatment
12 Sludge treatment
Content of digester is mixed Sludge and water obtain a similar residence time
Storage unit Not heated little biological activity Not mixed separation of sludge and process water, which is directed to WWTP Control of loading to WWTP, app. 10% of N-loading Further thickening
Urban Water Systems 12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 14
Processes in digester
Anaerobic degradation
2 C5H7NO 2 8 H2O 5 CH4 3 CO2 2 NH 2 HCO 4 3
Biogas production: 63% CH4 (Methane) 35% CO2 2% other gases (N2, H2, H2S)
electricity and heating Organic nitrogen is converged to NH4+ N-loading of WWTP
Urban Water Systems 12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 15
< 30 d
20 d 12 16 d 0.9 m3 / kg VSSdegr. 40 55%
12 Sludge treatment
Possibly combined with storage or thickener unit Stable and simple operation
12 Sludge treatment
12 Sludge treatment
12 Sludge treatment
Volume reduction
Water content in stabilised sludge > 95% ! Reduction of water content and volume Sludge volume
VW VS
1 VDS VS 1 W
non-linear relation!
Urban Water Systems
Water content W
12 Sludge treatment PK, 2006 - page 19
Volume reduction
50 45 40 35
Thickening Dewatering Drying
Dewatering
Conditioning with flocculation agents (poly-electrolytes) for efficient dewatering
W > 0.7 > 0.6 DS < 0.3 0.4
Unit Decanter Chamber filter press (large plants) Belt filter press (small plants)
Method Centrifuge Hydraulic pressure through plates in water-tight chambers Pressed between two filter belts around staggered rollers
12 Sludge treatment
continuous
> 0.7
0.3
Drying bed
Thin sludge layer (< 20 cm) Sand layer as drainage and filter layer Sludge is first dewatered by drainage then air-dried through evaporation
Plant type
Only mechanical treatment Trickling filter
Specific surface
13 PE/m2 6 PE/m2
4 PE/m2
PK, 2006 - page 22
Drying
Vaporisation of water content Partial drying Full drying W 0.3 0.4 W down to < 0.1
Contact drying over heated areas Drying by convection through hot air counter-current inlet app. 600C, outlet app. 300C (Imhoff, 1999)
12 Sludge treatment
12 Sludge treatment
Use in agriculture
Recycling of nutrients, from stabilised sludge
Sludge treatment Liquid sludge Dewatered sludge Dried sludge
*
Composting
Aerobic biological degradation of organic substances
Prerequisites
Approach
Structure means: straw, wood, saw dust, wood chips Mixture app. 1:1
Incineration
Use of energy content, but not of nutrients Mono incineration (sludge exclusively) Calorific value of sludge high enough no biogas use before, no stabilisation Water content not minimised (no full drying) Fluidised bed incinerator, incineration at 800 950C in fluidised sand bed Expensive!
Co- incineration
In coal power station