MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
Third Edition
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. e!ol"
Le#ture Notes$
J. !alt Oler
Te%as Te#h &ni'ersit(
CHAPTER
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Columns
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 - 2
Columns
Stability of Structures
Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams
Extension of Eulers Formula
Sample Problem 10.1
Eccentric Loadin! "#e Secant Formula
Sample Problem 10.2
$esin of %olumns &nder %entric Load
Sample Problem 10.'
$esin of %olumns &nder an Eccentric Load
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 - (
Stability of Structures
)
*n t#e desin of columns+ cross-sectional area is
selected suc# t#at
-
allo,able stress is not exceeded
all
A

-
deformation falls ,it#in specifications
spec
A!
"

)
-fter t#ese desin calculations+ may disco.er
t#at t#e column is unstable under loadin and
t#at it suddenly becomes s#arply cur.ed or
buc/les.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 - '
Stability of Structures
)
%onsider model ,it# t,o rods and torsional
sprin. -fter a small perturbation+
( )
moment in destabili0
2
sin
2
moment restorin 2

"

"

#
)
%olumn is stable 1tends to return to
alined orientation2 if
( )
"
#

#
"

cr
'
2
2
<
<
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 - 3
Stability of Structures
)
-ssume t#at a load is applied. -fter a
perturbation+ t#e system settles to a ne,
e4uilibrium confiuration at a finite
deflection anle.
( )

sin '
2 sin
2

cr

#
"
#
"

)
5otin t#at sin $ + t#e assumed
confiuration is only possible if %
cr
.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 - 6
Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams
)
%onsider an axially loaded beam.
-fter a small perturbation+ t#e system
reac#es an e4uilibrium confiuration
suc# t#at
0
2
2
2
2
+

&
!I

d'
& d
&
!I

!I
M
d'
& d
)
Solution ,it# assumed confiuration
can only be obtained if
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
r "
!
A "
Ar !
A

"
!I

cr
cr

>
>
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 - 7
Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams
( )
( )
s ratio slendernes
r
"
tress critical s
r "
!
A "
Ar !
A

"
!I

cr
cr
cr
cr


2
2
2
2 2
2
2

>
>

)
"#e .alue of stress correspondin to
t#e critical load+
)
Precedin analysis is limited to
centric loadins.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 - 8
Extension of Eulers Formula
)
- column ,it# one fixed and one free
end+ ,ill be#a.e as t#e upper-#alf of a
pin-connected column.
)
"#e critical loadin is calculated from
Eulers formula+
( )
lent# e4ui.alent 2
2
2
2
2

" "
r "
!
"
!I

e
e
cr
e
cr

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 - 9
Extension of Eulers Formula
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
10
Sample Problem !"
-n aluminum column of lent# L and
rectanular cross-section #as a fixed end at B
and supports a centric load at -. ",o smoot#
and rounded fixed plates restrain end - from
mo.in in one of t#e .ertical planes of
symmetry but allo, it to mo.e in t#e ot#er
plane.
a2 $etermine t#e ratio a:b of t#e t,o sides of
t#e cross-section correspondin to t#e most
efficient desin aainst buc/lin.
b2 $esin t#e most efficient cross-section for
t#e column.
" ; 20 in.
! ; 10.1 x 10
6
psi
; 3 /ips
() ; 2.3
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
11
Sample Problem !"
)
Buc/lin in xy Plane<
12
7 . 0
12 12
+
2
(
12
1
2
a
"
r
"
a
r
a
a*
*a
A
I
r
+
+ e
+
+
+

)
Buc/lin in x0 Plane<
12 :
2
12 12
+
2
(
12
1
2
*
"
r
"
*
r
*
a*
a*
A
I
r
&
& e
&
&
&

)
=ost efficient desin<
2
7 . 0
12 :
2
12
7 . 0
+ +

*
a
*
"
a
"
r
"
r
"
&
& e
+
+ e
(3 . 0
*
a
S>L&"*>5<
"#e most efficient desin occurs ,#en t#e
resistance to buc/lin is e4ual in bot# planes of
symmetry. "#is occurs ,#en t#e slenderness
ratios are e4ual.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
12
Sample Problem !"
" ; 20 in.
! ; 10.1 x 10
6
psi
; 3 /ips
() ; 2.3
a,* ; 0.(3
)
$esin<
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
6 2
2
6 2
2
2
cr
cr
6 . 1(8
psi 10 1 . 10
0.(3
lbs 12300
6 . 1(8
psi 10 1 . 10
0.(3
lbs 12300
/ips 3 . 12 /ips 3 3 . 2
6 . 1(8
12
in 20 2
12
2
*
* *
* r "
!
* * A

()
* * *
"
r
"
e
cr
cr
&
e

in. 367 . 0 (3 . 0
in. 620 . 1

* a
*
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
1(
Eccentric #oadin$% T&e Secant Formula
)
Eccentric loadin is e4ui.alent to a centric
load and a couple.
)
Bendin occurs for any non0ero eccentricity.
?uestion of buc/lin becomes ,#et#er t#e
resultin deflection is excessi.e.
2
2
max
2
2
1
2
sec
e
cr
cr
"
!I

e &
!I
e &
d'
& d

1
]
1

,
_

) "#e deflection become infinite ,#en -

cr
)
=aximum stress
( )
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
]
1

+
+
r
"
!A

r
ec
A

r
c e &
A

e
2
1
sec 1
1
2
2
max
max

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
1'
Eccentric #oadin$% T&e Secant Formula
1
]
1

,
_

+
r
"
!A

r
ec
A

e
.
2
1
sec 1
2
max

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
13
Sample Problem !"'
"#e uniform column consists of an 8-ft section
of structural tubin #a.in t#e cross-section
s#o,n.
a2 &sin Eulers formula and a factor of safety
of t,o+ determine t#e allo,able centric load
for t#e column and t#e correspondin
normal stress.
b2 -ssumin t#at t#e allo,able load+ found in
part a+ is applied at a point 0.73 in. from t#e
eometric axis of t#e column+ determine t#e
#ori0ontal deflection of t#e top of t#e
column and t#e maximum normal stress in
t#e column.
. psi 10 29
6
!
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
16
Sample Problem !"'
S>L&"*>5<
)
=aximum allo,able centric load<
( ) in. 192 ft 16 ft 8 2
e
"
- Effecti.e lent#+
( )( )
( )
/ips 1 . 62
in 192
in 0 . 8 psi 10 29
2
' 6 2
2
2

e
cr
"
!I

- %ritical load+
2
in (.3'
/ips 1 . (1
2
/ips 1 . 62


A

()

all
cr
all

/ips 1 . (1
all

/si 79 . 8
- -llo,able load+
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
17
Sample Problem !"'
)
Eccentric load<
in. 9(9 . 0
m
&
( )
1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
2 2
sec in 073 . 0
1
2
sec

cr
m

e &
- End deflection+
( ) ( )
( )
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
]
1

,
_

+
2 2
sec
in 1.30
in 2 in 73 . 0
1
in (.3'
/ips (1.1
2
sec 1
2 2
2

cr
m

r
ec
A

/si 0 . 22
m

- =aximum normal stress+

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
18
(esi$n of Columns )nder Centric #oad
)
Pre.ious analyses assumed
stresses belo, t#e proportional
limit and initially strai#t+
#omoeneous columns
)
Experimental data demonstrate
- for lare "
e
,r,
cr
follo,s
Eulers formula and depends
upon ! but not
.
.
- for intermediate "
e
,r,
cr

depends on bot#
.
and !.
- for small "
e
,r,
cr
is
determined by t#e yield
strent#
.
and not !.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
19
(esi$n of Columns )nder Centric #oad
Structural Steel
American Inst. o/ )teel Constr0ction
) For "
e
,r % C
c
( )
92 . 1
:
2
2

()
()
r "
!
cr
all
e
cr

) For "
e
,r % C
c
( )
(
2
2
:
8
1 :
8
(
(
3
2
:
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

c
e
c
e
cr
all
c
e
. cr
C
r "
C
r "
()
()
C
r "

) -t "
e
,r - C
c
.
c . cr
!
C

2
2
2
1
2

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
20
(esi$n of Columns )nder Centric #oad
Aluminum
Al0min0m Association, Inc.
)
-lloy 6061-"6
"
e
,r @ 66<
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] =Pa : 868 . 0 1(9
/si : 126 . 0 2 . 20
r "
r "
e
e all


"
e
,r A 66<
( ) ( )
2
(
2
:
=Pa 10 31 (
:
/si 31000
r " r "
e e
all


)
-lloy 201'-"6
"
e
,r @ 33<
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] =Pa : 383 . 1 212
/si : 2( . 0 7 . (0
r "
r "
e
e all


"
e
,r A 66<
( ) ( )
2
(
2
:
=Pa 10 2 7 (
:
/si 3'000
r " r "
e e
all


2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
21
Sample Problem !"*
&sin t#e aluminum alloy201'-"6+
determine t#e smallest diameter rod
,#ic# can be used to support t#e centric
load ; 60 /5 if a2 " ; 730 mm+
b2 " ; (00 mm
S>L&"*>5<
)
Bit# t#e diameter un/no,n+ t#e
slenderness ration can not be e.aluated.
=ust ma/e an assumption on ,#ic#
slenderness ratio reime to utili0e.
)
%alculate re4uired diameter for
assumed slenderness ratio reime.
)
E.aluate slenderness ratio and .erify
initial assumption. Cepeat if
necessary.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
22
Sample Problem !"*
2
'
yration of radius
radius cylinder
2
'
c
c
c
A
I
r
c

)
For " ; 730 mm+ assume ",r A 33
)
$etermine cylinder radius<
( )
mm '' . 18
c:2
m 0.730
=Pa 10 (72 10 60
r L
=Pa 10 (72
2
(
2
(
2
(

,
_

c
c
1
A

all

)
%#ec/ slenderness ratio assumption<
( )
33 ( . 81
mm 18.''
mm 730
2 :
>
c
"
r
"
assumption ,as correct
mm 9 . (6 2 c d
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
2(
Sample Problem !"*
)
For " ; (00 mm+ assume ",r @ 33
)
$etermine cylinder radius<
mm 00 . 12
Pa 10
2 :
m ( . 0
383 . 1 212
10 60
=Pa 383 . 1 212
6
2
(

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

c
c
c
1
r
"
A

all

)
%#ec/ slenderness ratio assumption<
( )
33 30
mm 12.00
mm 00 (
2 :
<
c
"
r
"
assumption ,as correct
mm 0 . 2' 2 c d
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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10 -
2'
(esi$n of Columns )nder an Eccentric #oad
)
-llo,able stress met#od<
all
I
Mc
A

+
)
*nteraction met#od<
( ) ( )
1 +
*ending
all
centric
all
I Mc A

)
-n eccentric load can be replaced by a
centric load and a couple M - e.
)
5ormal stresses can be found from
superposin t#e stresses due to t#e
centric load and couple+
I
Mc
A

*ending centric
+
+
max