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Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
puteri5578
The main component and pathway involved in detecting and responding to changes in the external environment puteri5578 5
The main component and pathway involved in detecting and responding to changes in the internal environment
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Cerebrum
Divided into two halves called the cerebral hemispheres (left and right) It is responsible for many mental abilities
Cerebellum
Coordinating centre for body movements Evaluates the information and relays the need for coordinated movements back to the cerebrum Then sends appropriate commands to the muscle
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Medulla oblongata
Regulates the internal body processes that do not requires conscious effort, that is, automatic functions such as the heart beat and breathing. Reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing. Important role in homeostatic regulation. Control centre of the endocrine system
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Pituitary gland
Secretes hormones that influence other glands and body function Controls the release of several hormones from the pituitary gland and thereby serve as important link between the nervous and endocrine system.
Hypothalamus
Responsible for sorting the incoming and outgoing information in the cerebral cortex Integrates the information from the sensory receptor to the cerebrum by enhancing certain signals blocking others.
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A cross section of the spinal cord showing the white puteri5578 14 matter and the grey matter
The neurones
The nervous system is made up of millions of nerve cells called neurones Neurones transmit nerve impulses to other nerve cells, glands or muscles
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Types of neurones
Neurones afferent (sensory) Carry sensory information from receptor cell to the brain and spinal cord.
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Types of neurones
Neurones efferent carry information from the brain or spinal cord to the effectors, that is the muscle or gland cells
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Types of neurones
Interneurones convey nerve impulses between the various parts of the brain and spinal cord, transmit nerve impulses between afferent and efferent
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For example, if a finger touch a hot stove, the reaction is to pull the finger immediately without having to think about it In such circumstance when the responses to stimuli are involuntary, they are called reflexes. The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action is called a reflex arc The effectors involved in involuntary action are smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder which affect victims around the age of 60yearsonwards, causes the loss of reasoning and the ability to care for oneself. Individual of Alzheimer's disease often become confuse, forgetful, and lose their way although they are in place which are familiar to them. As their mind continue to deteriorate, patients may lose the ability to read, write, eat, walk and talk. the cause of this disease still unknown, but the factors such as genetic, environmental or the aging process itself can lead to Alzheimer's disease
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The role of the hypothalamus in regulating the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary
ADH
Kidney tubules
oxytocin
Smooth muscle in the uterus
ACTH
Adrenal cortex
Bones, tissues
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ADH and axytocin are synthesised in the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus but secrete by the posterior pituitary The hypothalamus controls the hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary gland and therefore, affect the secretion of many other endocrine glands indirectly. The anterior pituitary controls the secretions of hormones from the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland and gonad. All of which are also endocrine glands.
Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
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HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMAN
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. Physical factor such as body temperature and blood pressure while chemical factor are sugar level and osmotic pressure such as partial of carbon dioxide and oxygen The excretory system Plays an important role in homeostasis The primary organs of the excretory system are the kidneys.
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The nephron
a) b) c) a) b) c) The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The human kidney consists of about 1 million nephrons. A nephron consists of three major parts: Glomerulus Bowmans capsule Renal tubule Renal tubule is made up of the: Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule
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Nephron
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1. 2. 3.
Ultrafiltration
Nephron perform three basic process: Ultrafiltration Reabsorption Secretion When the blood enters the glomerulus, ultrafiltration take place when the high pressure forces fluid through the filtration membrane into the capsular space The fluid that enters into the capsular space is called the glomerular filtrate glomerular filtrate contain water, glucose, amino acid, urea, mineral salt and other small molecule. Some composition as blood plasma but not contain red blood cells and plasma protein
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Reabsorption
Reabsorption take place when the substance moves across the renal tubule into the capillary network. In the proximal convoluted tubule, there are abundance of mitochondria to generate ATP for the process of active transport that used to reabsorb glucose and amino acid. Solute concentration in the capillary network is increase, so that water moves into the blood capillary by osmosis In the loop of Henle, water, sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed.
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At the distal convoluted tubule, more water, sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed. B the time, the filtrate reaches the collecting duct, very little salt left and 99% of water has been reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Only 1% of water in the filtrate actually leaves the body as urine. Some urea diffuses out into the surrounding fluid and blood because of its small molecular size. Finally, about 45% of the original urea remain in the collecting duct to be excrete in the urine.
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Secretion
Not everything is filtered, only 20% of the plasma leaves the blood vessels and enters the renal tubule. Hence there are waste product in the blood which were not filtered originally. Secretion is a process in which waste and excess substances that were not initially filtered are secreted into the renal tubule. Secretion take place in the renal tubules and collecting ducts but is especially active at the distal convoluted tubule. Secretion occurs by passive diffusion and active transport.
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Increased permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water Greater proportion of water reabsorption in renal tubules A small volume of concentration urine produced
potential Detected by osmoreseptors in hypothalamus A decreased in ADH released from posterior pituitary
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Notes about Kidney Dialysis: The main stages that blood passes through during the dialysis process include:
Blood enters machine from body (under pressure from radial artery). Pump (some diagrams show a roller pump) controls pressure and flow rate. Anticoagulant added to prevent clotting. Blood passes through dialysis membrane (equivalent to kidney nephrons). Bubble Trap removes any gas bubbles from blood. Blood is filtered then returned to the patient's radial vein.
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Liver cells Increase in + absorb glucose uptake glucose from by body cells blood to form for respiration glycogen
Liver cell Decrease in break down + glucose uptake glycogen into by body cells glucose for respiration
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Stimulants
Increase the activity of the central nervous system Cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines & caffeine increase the heart rate and alertness Hallucinations, LSD perceive things that do not exist
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Depressants
Slow down the activity of the central nervous system Alcohol, barbiturates & heroin slow down the breathing rate &lower blood pressure
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Plants hormones Plants hormones is a chemical substances which is produced by the plants and influences the growth and development of the plants. Examples auxins and ethylene Auxins Auxins controlled the plants respond to stimuli by growing in a certain direction called tropism. Growth of shoots towards sunlight is called +ve phototropism and growth of shoots away from sunlight is called -ve phototropism. Auxins promotes the elongation of cells in the shoot
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a) b) c) d)
The growth movement of a plant is response to gravity is called geotropism. Auxins is used to: Increase the stem length by increasing the rate of cell division Stimulate the growth of adventitious roots from the stem Parthenocarpy, produce seedless fruit Promotes growth of plants cells. Delay fruit ripening and prevent fruit from falling off the plant before it is ripe
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Ethylene
Ethylene is a plant hormones which is synthesised during the ripening of fruits. The synthesis of ethylene occurs in fruits, leaves and stems Speedup the ripening of fruits by stimulating the production of cellulase that used to hydrolyses the cellulose in plants cells walls, making the fruits soft. Promotes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar. That is why a ripe fruit tastes sweeter than an unripe fruit
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THE END
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