Building Services 1

Week 09: Class 19 and 20

PLUMBING FIXTURES & APPLIANCES

Reference:

Plumbing Practices: Chapter 9

by-

Syed Azizul Haq, PEng

Introduction:
A plumbing fixture is a receptacle for wastes, which are ultimately discharged into the drainage system.
To achieve the objective of plumbing fixtures must satisfy the following basic requirements.

1. Fixtures shall be made of smooth and non-absorbent material.

2. There shall be no fouling space and sharp edges. 3. Fixtures shall be convenient to use. 4. Fixtures must have non corroding drainage fittings and trap. 5. Fixtures requiring retention of water, shall have plugging and overflow arrangement.

Common fixtures used in toilets and kitchens are as follows.

1. Lavatory and sink 2. Bath tub and tray 3. Water closet and Urinal

LAVATORIES :

The lavatory is a bowl or basin used for washing of the hands, face etc. The bowl is usually oval in shape. The bowl has a capacity of about 4.5 liter (1 gal) up to the overflow line. The bowl has wastewater and over flow outlet. Lavatories are available in various styles, colors and size. These are also made from various materials like, vitreous china, enameled pressed steel, stainless steel and plastic. Lavatories require a 32 mm (1 in) waste pipe and a 25 mm (1 in) vent pipe.

3133

Trap:11/4

KITCHEN SINK A kitchen sink is a shallow, flat-bottomed plumbing appliance that is used in cleaning dishes and utensils. There is a corrugated table or drain board in one or both sides of the sink. Single bowl with a drain board is common kitchen sink. There are also double bowl and triple bowl sinks with drain board in one or both sides. Kitchen sinks are manufactured from enameled cast iron, enameled pressed steel and stainless steel sheet. The top board of sink should not be less then 900 mm (36 inches) above the floor and preferably higher. The sink should be at such a height that any one washing dishes there in, need not bend over.

BATH TUB: A bathtub is a receptacle for holding water and is shaped for allowing one or two human body to soak in for taking bath. Standard bathtub holds about 150 to 180 liters of water. BATH TRAY: A bath tray is a receptacle for holding water and is shaped for allowing one or two human body to soak in for taking bath. Standard bathtub holds about 150 to 180 liters of water.

WATER CLOSET
Water closets are water flushed plumbing fixtures that receive human excrement and finally dispose off into drainage system using water as a conveyance medium.

Water closets are broadly of three types. 01. Pedestal, also popularly known as European type. 02. Squatting, also known as Indian / Oriental type. 03. Universal also called Anglo-Indian type.

Pedestal/European type W.C.

These are bowl type water closets having the top oval shaped

These water closets have trap as an integral part so extra trap is not needed to be installed in its drainage piping.
Varieties of European w.c. 1. On the basis of integral trap: P-trap wc, Q-trap wc and S-trap wc. 2. On the basis of support: i. Floor mounted and ii. Wall mounted. 3. On the basis of operating principle of water closet bowl: i. siphon jet wc, ii reverse trap wc, iii. Siphon vortex wc, iv. Wash down wc and v. Blow out wc.

P-Trap WC

Q-Trap WC

S-Trap WC

Indian/Oriental or Squatting type W.C.

These types of water closet have a flat top with a sunken and elongated bowl. These water closets are installed flush with the finished floor. Person shall have to use it in a squatting position. Generally these water closets do not have integral water seal trap so an extra trap has to be installed at the outlet of the bowl before connecting with branch soil pipe or stack. In some cases a floor at about 18 to 20 inches is built sunken under the floor or exposed above the floor for the installation of these squatting water closets.

Urinals
A urinal is plumbing fixture designed to receive urine directly.
Various types of urinals: 01. Wall hung bowl urinal.

02. Stall urinal

03. Trough urinal 04. Pedestal type urinal and
Stall urinal

05. Squatting urinal.

Flushing Devices
Every water closet and urinal must have a flushing device designed and installed to supply water at an adequate rate and volume for satisfactory flushing of the waste in the bowl.
Flush tank (Low-down) Flushometer or simply flush valve.

Flushometer Valve:
A flushometer supply fixed quantity of water in a fixed time for flushing purposes. Mostly used in public toilets. Two types are available.
Piston type and

Diaphragm type.

Flush Tank
A flush tank holds specific amount of water to be supplied for flushing water closet. Generally about 10 liter of water is used for flushing but in economic fixtures this amount is reduced to about 6 liter per flush. There are some flush tanks those are operated by dual flushing system. In each flushing about 3 liters of water is used. The typical flush tank consists of -

01. Float valve or ball cock assembly connected to the water inlet pipe.
Flush valve assembly includes an overflow tube, valve seat and a rubber tank ball attached to the trip lever with lift wire.