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BS101
12-13
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Lecture 8
List and describe the molecules that compose the cellular cytoskeleton.
Describe the main functions of the cytoskeleton.
Cytoskeleton
Green= microtubules Red= actin filaments
This shows that the cytoskeleton extends throughout the cell It acts like a dome tent, stabilised by opposing forces But it also very dynamic, and can be dismantled and reassembled quickly, to change the shape of the cell
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibres that organizes structures and activities in the cell
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm, providing mechanical support and to maintain the cell shape It organizes the cells structures and activities, anchoring many organelles It is composed of three types of molecular structures: Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments
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ATP
This shows how vesicles can be carried around the cell on monorails of microtubules Here, motor proteins can attach themselves to a vesicle, then also to a microtubule, and using ATP, this motor protein can walk the vesicle along the rail, to its destination with the cell In this figure of a squid giant axon, two vesicles containing neurotransmitters migrate toward the tip of the axon, by the same mechanism as above
Microtubule of cytoskeleton
0.25 m
(b)
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10 m
10 m
10 m
Tubulin dimer
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10 m
e.g. mitotic spindle e.g. movement of secretory vesicles from Golgi to membrane surface
25 nm
Tubulin dimer
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Microtubule functions
25nm diameter Organising role
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Centrosome
Most animal cells have a centrosome- a region near the nucleus where the cells microtubules are initiated Within the centrosome is a pair of centrioles: each 0.25um in diameter The two centrioles are at right angles to each other, and each is made up of 9 sets of three microtubules
Campbell and Reece (2011) Figure 12.8 The mitotic spindle at metaphase
-condensed chromatin -mitotic spindle is made of tubulin (microtubules) -mitotic spindle radiates out from the centrosome -chromosomes bind to spindle via kinetochores - the kinetochore is bound to centromeric DNA
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Direction of swimming
The motion of flagella is undulating, like a snake, driving the cell forward in the direction it is facingfor example, this sperm cell
Power stroke
Recovery stroke
15 m
The motion of cilia is different however- they have a back and forth motion, which moves the cell sideways- its like one side on a boat oar The image shows a Colpidium- a freshwater protozoa
0.1 m
Plasma membrane
Microtubules
0.5 m
0.1 m Triplet
(a) Longitudinal section of cilium: showing microtubules running the length of the cilium
The bottom part of the cilia- each doublet joins up to another microtubule to form a triplet. The central doublet has gone and the structure is held together by the cross linking proteins (blue)
10 m
7 nm
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7nm diameter Actin filaments are thin and flexible, provide shape to the cell A shows microvilli B shows contractile bundles in cytoplasm C shows fingerlike protrusions from the leading edge of a moving cell D shows contractile ring/cleavage furrow during cytokinesis
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Figure 17-28 Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)
Microvillus
This image shows the structural role of microfilaments This shows microvilli in the intestine, and inside the microvilli are microfilaments (actin filaments)
Plasma membrane
Intermediate filaments
0.25 m
Muscle cell
Actin filament (yellow)
In muscle cells during contraction, myosin arms walk over the actin filaments- this causes shortening of the gaps between the actin filaments A muscle contraction involves shortening of many muscle cells at the same time
Myosin filament (purple) Myosin arm (a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction
Cytoplasmic streaming
Is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells This streaming speeds distribution of materials within the cell Cytoplasmic streaming is a way of stirring up the contents of the cytoplasm In plant cells, actin-myosin interactions drive cytoplasmic streaming
5 m
Keratin proteins :structural filaments that help to keep the shape of the nucleus, and are depolymerised during mitosis, when the nuclear envelope disintegrates Campbell and Reece (2011) Table 6-1c
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Intermediate Filaments
Intermediate filaments range in diameter from 812 nanometres, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules They support cell shape and fix organelles in place They also bear tension in the cell- and nucleus sits in a cage of intermediate filaments that hold it in centre of cell Intermediate filaments are more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes Eg keratin framework still remains in place, even after skin cells have died
10nm diameter Intermediate filaments have great tensile strength Allow cells to withstand mechanical stress when stretched They span the entire cell, strengthening it They are the toughest and most durable of the 3 filament types
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(Madagascar periwinkle)
Cancer cells divide rapidly and with less control Inhibition of the mitotic spindle can prevent cell division, and cause death of these cells These drugs block microtubule polymerisation- anti-mitotic agents
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Table 17-1 Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Lecture 8
List and describe the molecules that compose the cellular cytoskeleton. Describe the main functions of the cytoskeleton.
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Homework: Go to Mastering Biology BS101 account online Complete assignment 4 Cytoskeleton and cytosol
Opens: Tues 23rd Oct, 5pm Closes: Tues 6th Nov, 5pm
Reading: Campbell Biology 9th Ed. Reece et al (2011). Ch 6 pp.158-166 Homework: watch http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01nln7d/Secret_Universe_The_ Hidden_Life_of_the_Cell/ Only available until 8pm, Sunday 28th Oct
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