TYPES OF EVAPORATORS

NATURAL CIRCULATION EVAPORATORS FORCED CIRCULATION EVAPORATORS

STANDARD VERTICAL TUBE EVAPORATOR

Consists of vertical cylindrical shell incorporating a tube bundle with horizontal tube sheets bolted Vapor outlet Top Liquor discharge Bottom Tube bundle 150 cm height Tube diameter > 75mm Down take At the centre circulates cooler liquid Solution to be evaporated is inside and steam flows outside the tubes

 Baffles mixing Vapors formed are disengaged into VAPOR DIDENGAGEMENT SPACE Condensate withdrawn at the bottom Non condensable gas is vented out Also called Calendria type evaporator ADVANTAGES Used to separate water and salts in sea water(DESALANATION) Used in liquid food preservation.

HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR

Oldest type Vertical cylinder shell has horizontal square tube bundles. Channels are present for introduction of steam and withdrawal of condensate Vapor outlet Top Liquor discharge Bottom Steam is inside the tube and liquor surrounds the tube Evaporation occurs OUTSIDE Small diameter tubes than any other type

ADVANTAGES Very low head room requirements High heat transfer coefficient DISADVANTAGE Not suitable for viscous liquids

LONG TUBE VERTICAL EVAPORATOR

Long tubular heating element Incorporates tubes of diameter 25 50mm and 4 8m long Heating element projects into a vapor space Vapor outlet Top Liquor discharge Bottom Return pipe connecting the vapor space to the exchanger provides NATURAL CIRCULATION

JACKETED PAN EVAPORATOR

Jacketed pans used in which condensing steam evaporates part of the solvent Pans are made of steel, copper, Aluminium Mild steel jacket may be welded to the pan Steam inlet top Product collector bottom Used only when small quantities are handled

Evaporator accessories
1. Condensers
Two types:

surface condensers:
The vapor to be condensed and cooling medium SEPARATED BY METAL WALL

contact condensers:
They are MIXED directly

2. Vacuum pump/steam jet ejector

PARALLEL CURRENT : non- condensed gases leave at the temperature of exit cooling water COUNTER CURRENT : non- condensed gases leave at the temperature of the entering cooling water

WET CONDENSOR : non- condensed gases & Cooling water are removed by the same pump

 DRY : non- condensed gases & Cooling water are removed by the separate pump BAROMETRIC : Placed high enough so that water escapes from it by a barometric leg LOW LEVEL CONDENSER: water is removed by a pump.

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
EVAPORARTOR BODY : fabricated from mild steel ( less expensive) To PREVENT CORROSION : monel, inconel and stainless steel are used. TUBES : Copper, stainless steel. TUBE SHEETS : bronze, nickel clad steel or stainless steel