SAND

INTRODUCTION

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions. Silica (Silicon Dioxide SiO2) is the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings.

Calcium Carbonate the second most common type of sand is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem. In terms of particle size as used by geologists, Sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625mm or 2mm.

TYPES OF SAND

 Pit Sand :
Pit Sand is classified under coarse sand, also called BADARPUR in common language.
This sand is developed from deep pits of abundant supply and is Red-Orange in Colour. The coarse grain is sharp, angular and certainly free from salts which is mostly employed in Concreting.

River Sand :
River sand is procured from river streams and banks and is fine in quality unlike pit sand. River sand has rounded grains generally in WhiteGrey colour.

It is used in many construction purposes such as plastering.

Sea Sand :
Sea sand is taken from sea shores and is generally distinct brown in colour with fine circular grains.
Sea sand is avoided for the purpose construction of concrete structure as it contains salt which tends to absorb moisture from atmosphere and bring dampness. Cement loses its action when mixed with sea sand and so its only used for local purpose and not construction purpose.

SOME OTHER TYPES OF SAND ARE :

Coral Sand Volcanic Sand Glass Sand Immature Sand Gypsum Sand Silica Sand Black Sand Heavy Mineral Sand

Green Sand Desert Sand Lithic Sand Biogenic Sand Garnet Sand Olivine Sand Continental Sand Quartz Sand

Photo Gallery :

Quartz Sand

Green Sand

Volcanic Sand

Coral Sand

Desert Sand

Black Sand

CLASSIFICATION OF SAND :

FINE SAND :
The sand passing through a sieve with clear opening of 1.5875mm is known as a fine sand. Fine Sand is mainly Used for Plastering purposes.

Coarse Sand :
The sand passing through a sieve with a clear opening of 3.175mm is knows as Coarse Sand

Coarse Sand is generally used for Masonry Work.

Gravelly Sand :
Gravel is composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range. The sand passing though a sieve with clear openings of 7.62mm is known as Gravelly Sand. This sand is generally used for Concrete work

Bulking of Sand

Bulking of sand means increase in its volume due to presence of surface moisture. The volume increases with the increase in moisture content.

The volume may increase up to 20% to 40% when moisture content is 5 to 10%.
Due to moisture in each particle of sand, sand gets a coating of water due to surface tension which keeps the particles apart. This causes an increment in volume of sand known as Bulking of Sand.

DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION

Properties of sand Inert

Sharp, Strong and Angular No salt content Less amount of Clay and Silt Coarse and Clean Well graded No impurities (pyrites, acidic and basic salts, mica etc.)

Functions of Sand

Functions of Sand in Mortar :

Increases volume of Mortar
Prevents excessive shrinkage Helps In setting action of fat lime mortars Adjusts the strength of Mortar Renders Structure more resistant against atmospheric agencies Offers requisite surface area for film of cementing material to adhere and spread.

Functions of Sand in Concrete :

It fills the spaces between the larger stones of the coarse aggregate. When wet cement dries, it locks the sand into a matrix of small-to-larger aggregate pieces. It gives strength to the concrete

 MODULUS OF SAND
1.Fineness

modulus of sand (F.M) is an index which gives an idea, about the fineness of or coarseness of aggregate. 2.It is defined as the cumulative percentage of residue on a set of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.i.s. sieve no. 480,240,120,60,30, and 15 are use as a set of sieves for finding f.m. of fine aggregate. an example of f.m. of sand is given here .sample is taken as 1 kg.

FINENESS MODULUS =246/100=2.46

3.Fine sands are uneconomical whereas coarse sands give harsh and less workable mixes. 4.Lesser value of f.m. gives an indication of larger amounts of finer part whereas larger values show coarser sand. 5.It is recommended by i.s.i. that the f.m. of sand should lie, between 2.5 and 3.0 i.s.i has given following f.m. ranges for various types of sands. fine sand f.m. 2.20 to 2.60 medium sand f.m. 2.60 to 2.90 coarse sand f.m. 2.90 to 3.20

Tests Of Sand

Experiment 1 :
Take a smaller amount of sand and rub it between fingertips.

Observation
If clayey spots are left on finger tips, it indicates that sand contains considerable amount of clay impurities.

Experiment 2 :
Take a glass of water and put some quantity of sand in it. The glass is stirred and allowed to settle for sometime.

Observation
If clay is present in the sand its layer will appear on the top of sand.

EXPERIMENT 3 :
Void Test; Fill a container of known capacity with wet sand. Add water slowly to the container containing wet sand till water rises to the top of the container.

Observation
The amount of water added in the container are the voids in the sand.

Substitutes of Sand

1. Stone Screening.

2. Surkhi.

HOW SAND IS MADE ?

and is a loose, fragmented, naturally-occurring material consisting of very small particles of decomposed rocks, corals, or shells.
Sand is used to provide bulk, strength, and other properties to construction materials like asphalt and concrete. It is also used as a decorative material in landscaping.

 MANUFACTURING PROCESS :
1. Natural decomposition 2. Extraction

3. Sorting
4.Washing 5. Crushing

 To separate out rocks, lumps of clay, sticks, and other foreign material.

 Stored and blended with either the coarser gravel or the finer sand to make various aggregate mixes.

Cost of Sand
Pit Sand : Rupees 90/- per bad (one bag = 35kgs) River Sand : Rupees 8000/- per brass (1 brass = 100sq.feet) Sea Sand : Rupees 7000/- per brass

Uses of Sand

 The most common use of sand is in building materials.

Sand is mixed with cement and water to make concrete.

Sand is used in the manufacture of brick, glass and other materials. Sand is also used as a filter to purify water. Sand is used to make castings. Sand could be spread on icy roads to improve traction, and is the filler in sandbags. It is glued to paper to make sandpaper. Blown through a hose by compressed air or steam, sand is used as sandblast to clean the walls of brick or stone buildings, to remove paint, and to clean metal articles.

 In the pottery and glassmaking industries, very pure quartz sands are used as a source of silica. The sand filled bag Sandbag is used to protect against floods and gunfire. Shaping sand into castles or other miniature buildings is a popular beach activity.

 Group

Members

Source

Harsh Dharaiya Aneesh Devi Veena Kamble Aditya Kambli Meet Bhuta Kruti Gogri Dhwani Gala Komal Jain Saloni Gala Sumit Kandalgaonkar

Wikipedia Google Google Images Book - Engineering Materials by Gurucharan Singh