TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) :

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using his own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium while using only a part of its channel capacity

TDMA DIAGRAM:

TDMA CHARACTERISTICS:
TDMA is a type of Time-division multiplexing, with the special point that instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver there are multiple transmitters. Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users Frequency/slot allocation complexity Its not much suitable for continuous signals

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of digital modulation in which a signal is split into several narrow band channels at different frequencies. In some respects, OFDM is similar to conventional frequencydivision multiplexing (FDM). The difference lies in the way in which the signals are modulated and demodulated.

OFDM WORKING:

OFDM BLOCK DIAGRAM

COMPANDING
Companding refers to a technique for compressing and then expanding (or decompressing) an analog or digital signal. It is a combination of the words "compressing" and "expanding." Data is compressed before being transmitted. Then, it is expanded at the receiving end using the same non-linear scale to restore it to its original form, but with reduced noise and crosstalk levels This term is also known as compansion

SQUARE ROOTING TECHNIQUE(SQRT)

The SQRT OFDM signals XSQRT is processed by

x(n) is the nth OFDM output signal. XSQRT is the nth SQRT OFDM output signal. (Phi)n is the phase of x(n)

The phases of the output signals kept unchanged while the amplitudes are kept changed

ABSTRACT:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) is an efficient transmission technique for high data rate communication systems. The major problem of OFDM system is Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) which reduces the efficiency of the system and increases the system complexity. In this paper, logarithmic based companding (i.e, mu law) and Square rooting companding (SQRT) have been suggested as simple and effective PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM. This paper analyzes mu law and SQRT companding OFDM signal on M ary QAM modulation technique. Simulation results show that the SQRT OFDM system is an effective technique in reducing PAPR and improved BER performance than OFDM system with mu-law companding transform. Comparison among mu law and SQRT companding techniques is made for the best suited companding technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM system. The Simulation result also shows that by modulating a signal at a fixed subcarriers for different modulation technique, the error in the transmitted data increases rapidly whereas in case of fixed modulation techniques , increasing the number of subcarriers the PAPR increases at the transmit, the bit error rate (BER) in the transmitted data is constant and varies by a small fraction

BLOCK DIAGRAM

APPLICATIONS
Digital Video Broadcasting
Digital Audio Broadcasting ADSL Wireless LANs OFDMA -Multiple Access.