Ashokan

Reservoirs

Kensico

Balancing Supply and Demand

Hillview

Croton Reservoir Spillway

Monroe L. Weber-Shirk

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

How Big must the Reservoirs be?

What is the objective that you are trying to meet? What information do you need in order to solve this problem? What algorithm could you use to solve the problem?

Water Supply and Demand Fluctuations

Supply
Seasonal supply fluctuations Buffered using _________ watershed reservoirs

Demand
Seasonal demand fluctuations Daily demand fluctuations Buffered using distribution _________ reservoirs

Effect of flow fluctuations on system design

Size of balancing reservoirs pipe sizes

Average Total Monthly Flow into Pepacton Reservoir (0.540 km3 storage)
Reservoir full (hopefully)
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Million m3/month

average

Deficit provided by storage

35 million m3/month * __ ____ ___ million m3 5 month = 175 Better design is based on drought conditions!

What is the safe yield from the Cannonsville Reservoir?

What is the maximum rate that we can withdraw water from the Cannonsville Reservoir without emptying the reservoir? _________________________________ The average stream flow into the reservoir. What are the critical events in history that determine how big the reservoir has to be? __________ Droughts

Reservoir Mass Balance Equations

=
S0 + Ii = Oi + Si

O = Cumulative (________ Demand + _________ River flow + ___________ Evaporation )

S0 Ii Di R i Si
Ii=

True at any time!

t0 Di= QNYC t

Q Dt
i 1

Qi t or Ii 1

a f

Density of Water
Density (kg/m3)

Density (mass/unit volume) r density of water:

1000 kg/m3

1000 990 980 970 960 950 0 50 100 Temperature (C)

Density (kg/m3)

1000 999 998 997

10
Temperature (C)

20

Downstream River Flow?

Simplest operating rule
Waste from reservoir when reservoir is full Dont waste from reservoir if reservoir isnt full

More complex rules could easily be incorporated into a spreadsheet model

Minimum discharge into stream as a function of reservoir storage volume or ______________ drought status Based on regulations

Reservoir Rules in Equation Form

When Si = Smax When is reservoir full? ___________________
S0 Ii Di R i Si Si S0 Ii Di R i
IF S0 Ii - Di - R i-1 Smax THEN R i S0 Ii - Di - Smax ELSE R i R i-1
Smax= Reservoir Capacity

Reservoir is overflowing Overflow goes into river No additional river flow

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

percent of full

6/1/50

6/1/54

6/1/58

6/1/62

6/1/66

6/1/70

6/1/74

6/1/78

6/1/82

6/1/86

6/1/90

Cannonsville Reservoir Storage (Demand of 1.04 x 106 m3/day)

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
6/1/50 6/1/54 6/1/58 6/1/62 6/1/66 6/1/70 6/1/74 6/1/78 6/1/82 6/1/86 6/1/90

How could we increase safe yield?

percent of full

Increase reservoir volume

Storage vs. Safe Yield for Cannonsville Reservoir

safe yield (million m3/day) What is the asymptote? Average stream flow 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 250 367

500

750

1000

storage volume (million m3)

NYC Reservoirs
NYC supply reservoirs have a storage capacity of 550 billion gallons (2 km3) How long could NYC go without any inflow into the reservoirs? solution Current Reservoir levels
(http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/nyclink/html/dep/html/current.html)

Reservoir Levels

Seasonal, Daily, and Hourly Fluctuations

Substantial increase in water demand during watering lawns, swimming pools summer due to_______________________ Peak flows ___________________________________ Early morning as people get ready to go to work/school ________________________ Commercial Breaks (not any more) Low flows ______________________ Between midnight and 5 am

Estimates of Daily and Hourly Fluctuations*

As the time interval of analysis decreases in length the maximum rate of water demand during that time interval __________ increases If the average annual flow rate is 1.0 then
the maximum season rate is 1.25 (summer) the maximum daily rate is 1.5 (range of 1.2-2.0) the maximum hourly rate is 2.5 (range of 1.5-3.5) 1.75 for NYC the maximum instantaneous rate was _____

*Henry and Heinke p 386

Methods to Even Out Fluctuations

Seasonal fluctuations
Source (watershed) reservoirs Kensico and West Branch Reservoirs

Daily fluctuations
Hillview and Jerome Park Reservoirs (directly connected to distribution tunnels)
Hillview has 3.4 million m3 useable storage

Flows from Kensico to Hillview are adjusted two hours every ________

Balancing Reservoirs
OK Fred, Ill go give it a turn. Did you say you have more water than you need? Hey Bob, I need some more water. Could you open the valve another turn?

Where are the largest tunnels in the NYC water supply and distribution system?

How Can You Estimate Required Balancing-Reservoir Capacity?

Variable supply Variable demand Analyze historic record to search for worst case conditions Use same Mass Balance analysis Include variable ________ demand in analysis Other unusual demands Fire fighting needs
Main breaks

Maintenance of supply tunnels

Summary
An understanding of the variability in supply and demand are essential for the sizing of reservoirs and pipes in a water supply system Supply Reservoirs must be sized to store water during drought periods Balancing Reservoirs must be sized for daily or hourly fluctuations Distribution pipes must be sized to handle peak flows

Catskill/Delaware Watersheds
Schoharie

Ashokan

Neversink

NYC Watersheds
Ashokan Reservoir

riovreseR eirahohcS

Neversink Reservoir

Croton System

West Branch Reservoir

City Tunnels

Ashokan Reservoir

Schoharie Reservoir

Neversink Reservoir

West Branch Reservoir

NY 301 crosses West Branch Reservoir

Kensico Reservoir

City Tunnels
Jerome Park Reservoir

Jerome Park Reservoir

Gaging Stations

Empty NYC Reservoirs

NYC supply reservoirs have a storage capacity of 550 billion gallons (2 km3) Average demand is 61 m3/s How long could NYC go without any inflow into the reservoirs?

1000 mfO s a day L 2 km M 380 days P km N Q61m 86400 s

3 3 3

Cannonsville Reservoir Storage (Demand of 0.5 x 106 m3/day)

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
6/1/50 6/1/54 6/1/58 6/1/62 6/1/66 6/1/70 6/1/74 6/1/78 6/1/82 6/1/86 6/1/90

percent of full

Stream flow gage station map

Cannonsville Reservoir Storage (Demand of 0.75 x 106 m3/day)

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
6/1/50 6/1/54 6/1/58 6/1/62 6/1/66 6/1/70 6/1/74 6/1/78 6/1/82 6/1/86 6/1/90

percent of full

percent of full

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
6/1/50 6/1/54 6/1/58 6/1/62 6/1/66 6/1/70 6/1/74 6/1/78 6/1/82 6/1/86 6/1/90
percent of full

Cannonsville Reservoir Storage (Demand of 1 x 106 m3/day)

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
6/1/50 6/1/54 6/1/58 6/1/62 6/1/66 6/1/70 6/1/74 6/1/78 6/1/82 6/1/86 6/1/90