Shock wave

EXAMPLES OF SUPERSONIC WAVE DRAG

F-104 Starfighter
DYNAMIC PRESSURE FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS
Dynamic pressure is defined as q = V
2

For high speed flows, where Mach number is used frequently, it is convenient to
express q in terms of pressure p and Mach number, M, rather than and V
Derive an equation for q = q(p,M)
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1

=
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
=
M p q
pM
a
V
p q
p
a
V
p
p V
p
p
V q
V q

SUMMARY OF TOTAL CONDITIONS

If M > 0.3, flow is compressible (density changes are important)
Need to introduce energy equation and isentropic relations
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
0
2
1 1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
M
T
T
T c
V
T
T
T c V T c
p
p p

+ =
+ =
= +

1
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
2
1
1

|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

+ =

M
M
p
p
Requires adiabatic, but does
not have to be isentropic
Must be isentropic
NORMAL SHOCK WAVES: CHAPTER 8
Upstream: 1

M
1
> 1
V
1
p
1

1
T
1
s
1
p
0,1
h
0,1
T
0,1
Downstream: 2

M
2
< 1
V
2
< V
1
P
2
> p
1

2
>
1
T
2
> T
1
s
2
> s
1
p
0,2
< p
0,1
h
0,2
= h
0,1
T
0,2
= T
0,1
(if calorically
perfect, h
0
=c
p
T
0
)
Typical shock wave thickness 1/1,000 mm
SUMMARY OF NORMAL SHOCK RELATIONS
Normal shock is adiabatic
but nonisentropic
Equations are functions of
M
1
, only
Mach number behind a
normal shock wave is
always subsonic (M
2
< 1)
Density, static pressure, and
temperature increase across
a normal shock wave
Velocity and total pressure
decrease across a normal
shock wave
Total temperature is constant
across a stationary normal
shock wave
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1 , 0
2 , 0
2 , 0 1 , 0
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1 2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1 2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1 2

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
(

|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
=
+
+
(

+
+ = =

+
+ =
+
+
= =

+
=

M
M M
e
p
p
T T
M
M
M
h
h
T
T
M
p
p
M
M
u
u
M
M
M
R
s s
TABULATION OF NORMAL SHOCK PROPERTIES
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Upstream Mach Number, M1
M
2
,

P
0
2
/
P
0
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

2
/

1
,

p
2
/
p
1
,

T
2
/
T
1
Downstream Mach Number, M2
Total Pressure Ratio, P02/P01
Density Ratio, Rho1/Rho2
Static Pressure Ratio, P2/P1
Static Temperature Ratio T2/T1
SUMMARY OF NORMAL SHOCK RELATIONS
NORMAL SHOCK TOTAL PRESSURE LOSSES
As M
1
p
02
/p
01
very rapidly
Total pressure is indicator of how much useful work can be done by a flow
Higher p
0
more useful work extracted from flow
Loss of total pressure are measure of efficiency of flow process
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Upstream Mach Number, M1
M
2
,

P
0
2
/
P
0
1
Downstream Mach Number, M2
Total Pressure Ratio, P02/P01
Example: Supersonic
Propulsion System
Engine thrust increases
with higher incoming
total pressure which
enables higher pressure
increase across
compressor
Modern compressors
desire entrance Mach
numbers of around 0.5 to
0.8, so flow must be
decelerated from
supersonic flight speed
Process is accomplished
much more efficiently
(less total pressure loss)
by using series of
multiple oblique shocks,
rather than a single
normal shock wave
ATTACHED VS. DETACHED SHOCK WAVES
DETACHED SHOCK WAVES
Normal shock wave
model still works well
EXAMPLE OF SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPHS
OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES: CHAPTER 9
Upstream: 1

M
1
> 1
V
1
p
1

1
T
1
s
1
p
0,1
h
0,1
T
0,1
Downstream: 2

M
2
< M
1
(M
2
> 1 or M
2
< 1)

V
2
< V
1
P
2
> p
1

2
>
1
T
2
> T
1
s
2
> s
1
p
0,2
< p
0,1
h
0,2
= h
0,1
T
0,2
= T
0,1
(if calorically
perfect, h
0
=c
p
T
0
)
|
u
OBLIQUE SHOCK CONTROL VOLUME
Notes
Split velocity and Mach into tangential (w and M
t
)
and normal components (u and M
n
)
V dS = 0 for surfaces b, c, e and f
Faces b, c, e and f aligned with streamline
(pdS)
tangential
= 0 for surfaces a and d
pdS on faces b and f equal and opposite
Tangential component of flow velocity is constant
across an oblique shock (w
1
= w
2
)

SUMMARY OF SHOCK RELATIONS
( ) u |
=
sin
2 ,
2
n
M
M
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1
1
2
1
1 2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1 ,
1
2
2
1 ,
2
1 ,
1
2
2
1 ,
2
1 ,
2
2 ,

+
+ =
+
+
=

+
=
n
n
n
n
n
n
M
p
p
M
M
M
M
M

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1
1
2
1
1 2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2

+
+ =
+
+
=

+
=
M
p
p
M
M
M
M
M

Normal Shocks
Oblique Shocks
| sin
1 1 ,
M M
n
=
u-|-M RELATION
Deflection Angle, u
S
h
o
c
k

W
a
v
e

A
n
g
l
e
,

|

Weak
Strong
M2 > 1
M2 < 1
( ) 2 2 cos
1 sin
cot 2 tan
2
1
2 2
1
+ +

=
|
|
| u
M
M
SOME KEY POINTS
For any given upstream M
1
, there is a maximum deflection angle u
max
If u > u
max
, then no solution exists for a straight oblique shock, and a curved
detached shock wave is formed ahead of the body
Value of u
max
increases with increasing M
1
At higher Mach numbers, the straight oblique shock solution can exist at
higher deflection angles (as M
1
, u
max
45.5 for = 1.4)

For any given u less than u
max
, there are two straight oblique shock solutions for a
given upstream M
1
Smaller value of | is called the weak shock solution
For most cases downstream Mach number M
2
> 1
Very near u
max
, downstream Mach number M
2
< 1
Larger value of | is called the strong shock solution
Downstream Mach number is always subsonic M
2
< 1
In nature usually weak solution prevails and downstream Mach number > 1

If u =0, | equals either 90 or

EXAMPLES
Incoming flow is supersonic, M
1
> 1
If u is less than u
max
, a straight oblique shock wave
forms
If u is greater than u
max
, no solution exists and a
detached, curved shock wave forms

Now keep u fixed at 20
M
1
=2.0, |=53.3
M
1
=5, |=29.9
Although shock is at lower wave angle, it is stronger
shock than one on left. Although | is smaller, which
decreases M
n,1
, upstream Mach number M
1
is larger,
which increases M
n,1
by an amount which more than
compensates for decreased |

Keep M
1
=constant, and increase deflection angle, u
M
1
=2.0, u=10, |=39.2
M
1
=2.0, u=20, |=53
Shock on right is stronger
OBLIQUE SHOCKS AND EXPANSIONS
Prandtl-Meyer function, tabulated for =1.4 in
Appendix C (any compressible flow text book)
Highly useful in supersonic airfoil calculations

( ) ( ) 1 tan 1
1
1
tan
1
1
2 1 2 1

+

+
=

M M M

v
TABULATION OF EXPANSION FUNCTION
SWEPT WINGS: SUPERSONIC FLIGHT
If leading edge of swept wing is outside Mach cone, component of Mach number normal
to leading edge is supersonic Large Wave Drag
If leading edge of swept wing is inside Mach cone, component of Mach number normal
to leading edge is subsonic Reduced Wave Drag
For supersonic flight, swept wings reduce wave drag
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

M
1
sin
1

WING SWEEP COMPARISON

F-100D
English Lightning
SWEPT WINGS: SUPERSONIC FLIGHT
u ~ 26
(M=1.2) ~ 56
(M=2.2) ~ 27
u
SU-27
M

< 1
M

> 1
SUPERSONIC INLETS
Normal Shock Diffuser
Oblique Shock Diffuser
SUPERSONIC/HYPERSONIC VEHICLES
EXAMPLE OF SUPERSONIC AIRFOILS
http://odin.prohosting.com/~evgenik1/wing.htm