Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Mechanical Engineering Dynamics DDE2063 BY En. Khairulnizam Bin Othman

Objective

To introduce the concepts of position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration. To study particle motion along a straight line. The motion equation application, concept and calculation.

Rectilinear Kinematics Section 12.2

Rectilinear : Straight line motion Kinematics : Study the geometry of the motion dealing with s, v, a. Rectilinear Kinematics : To identify at any given instant, the particles position, velocity, and acceleration.

(All objects such as rockets, projectiles, or vehicles will be considered as particles has negligible size and shape
particles : has mass but negligible size and shape

Position

Position : Location of a particle at any given instant with respect to the origin

r : Displacement ( Vector ) s : Distance ( Scalar )

Distance & Displacement

Displacement : defined as the change in position. r : Displacement ( 3 km ) s : Distance ( 8 km ) Total length

For straight-line Distance = Displacement s = r Ds = Dr

River

City QUT

3km

My Place X

8 km

Vector is direction oriented Dr positive (left ) Dr negative (right)

Velocity & Speed

Velocity : Displacement per unit time Average velocity : V = Dr / Dt Speed : Distance per unit time Average speed : usp = sT / Dt (Always positive scalar )

Speed refers to the magnitude of velocity Average velocity : uavg = Dr / Dt

Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

ds v= dt

v =slope of s t graph

Graph S-t
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 15 t(s) 22 27

Figure show Graph s - t for a body moving in a straight line. Assuming that the sudden change in velocity at time t = 5, 15, 22 s can be carried out. Draw the graph of v-t ?.

s(m)

Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

Answer

v=

ds dt

20 0 = 4ms 1 5 36 20 t = 5 15s _ v = = 1.6ms 1 15 5 40 36 t = 15 22 s _ v = = 0.6ms 1 22 15 0 40 t = 22 27 s _ v = = 8ms 1 27 22 t = 0 5s _ v =

Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

dv a= dt
a =slope of v t graph

Graph v-t
15 10 5

t(s)

0 -5 0 -10 -15 v(m /s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Figure show Graph v - t for a body moving in a straight line. Assuming that the sudden change in velocity at time t = 2, 6, 10 s can be carried out. Draw the graph of a - t ?.

Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

Answer
a= dv dt

10 0 = 5ms 2 20 t = 2 6 s _ a = 0ms 2 t = 0 2s _ a = (10) (10) = 5ms 2 10 6 0 (10) t = 10 16 s _ a = = 1.7 ms 2 16 10 t = 6 10 s _ a =

Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

Dv = adt
Change in = Area Under Velocity A t Graph

Dv = adt

Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

Ds = vdt
Change in = Area Under Displacement v t Graph

Ds = vdt

Velocity as a Function of Time

dv ac = dt

dv = ac dt

dv = a
vo 0

dt

v = v0 act

Position as a Function of Time

ds v= = v0 ac t dt

ds = (v
so 0

ac t ) dt

1 2 s = s0 v0t ac t 2

velocity as a Function of Position

v dv = ac ds

v dv = a
v0 s0

ds

1 2 1 2 v v0 = ac ( s s0 ) 2 2

v = v0 2ac ( s s0 )
2 2

Free Fall

Ali and Omar are standing at the top of a cliff of height H. Both throw a ball with initial speed v0, Ali straight down and Omar straight up. The speed of the balls when they hit the ground are vA and vO respectively. Which of the following is true: (b) vA = vO (c) vA > vO

(a) vA < vO

Ali v0 vA

v0

Omar H

vO

Free fall

Since the motion up and back down is symmetric, intuition should tell you that v = v0 We can prove that your intuition is correct:

Equation:

2 v 2 v0 = 2( g )H H = 0

Omar v0

v = v0
H

This looks just like Omar threw the ball down with speed v0, so the speed at the bottom should be the same as Alis ball. y=0

Free fall

We can also just use the equation directly:

Ali

2 2 : v v 0 = 2( g )0 H

Omar: v

2 v0 = 2( g )0 H

same !!

Ali v0

v0

Omar

y=H

y=0

Summary

Time dependent acceleration

Constant acceleration

s (t )
ds v= dt 2 dv d s a= = 2 dt dt

v = v0 act
v = v 2ac ( s s0 )
2 2 0
This applies to a freely falling object:

1 2 s = s0 v0t ac t 2

a ds = v dv

a = g = 9.81 m / s 2

Question 1

Initially, the car travels along a straight road with a speed of 35 m/s. If the brakes are applied and the speed of the car is reduced to 10 m/s in 15 s, determine the constant deceleration of the car.

v = v0 act

v = u at

Quiz 1

Initially, the car travels along a straight road with a speed of 60 m/s. If the brakes are applied and the speed of the car is reduced to 25 m/s in 20 s, determine the constant deceleration of the car.

Question 2

A truck traveling along a straight road at speed v1 (20km/h), increases its speed to v2 (120km/h) in 15 s. If its acceleration is constant, determine the distance traveled.
u = 20 km km v = 120 t = 15s hr hr solution v v a = 2 1 = 1.852m / s 2 t 1 2 s = ut at s = 291.67 m 2

Quiz 1

A truck traveling along a straight road at speed v1 (40km/h), increases its speed to v2 (100km/h) in 3000m. If its acceleration is constant, determine the time traveled.