Wind Energy

Nguyen Hoang Viet

Lab. Nano-Particulate Material Processing
University of Ulsan

Ancient Resource Meets 21st Century

Wind Turbines

Power for a House or City

Wind Energy Outline

History and Context Advantages Design Siting Disadvantages Economics Future

History and Context

Wind Energy History

1 A.D.

Hero of Alexandria uses a wind machine to power an organ Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels Golden era of windmills in western Europe 50,000 9,000 in Holland; 10,000 in England; 18,000 in Germany Multiblade turbines for water pumping made and marketed in U.S. Thomas Edison commissions first commercial electric generating stations in NYC and London Competition from alternative energy sources reduces windmill population to fewer than 10,000 Heyday of the small multiblade turbines in the US midwast

~ 400 A.D.

1200 to 1850 1850s

1882

1900

1850 1930

As many as 6,000,000 units installed

1936+

US Rural Electrification Administration extends the grid to most formerly isolated rural sites

Grid electricity rapidly displaces multiblade turbine uses

Worldwide Growth in Wind Energy

70,000

MW

60,000
50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
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Rest of the World India Denmark

USA
Spain Germany

This is strange because

Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!!

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Manufacturing Market Share

Source: American Wind Energy Association

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U.S. Wind Energy Capacity US Wind Energy Capacity

10000 8000 6000 MW 4000 2000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

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Installed Wind Turbines

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Colorado Wind Energy Projects

Wind Energy Development
Project or Area
1. Ponnequin (EIU) (Phase I) 1. Ponnequin (Xcel) Project Info 1. Ponnequin (Phase III) Peetz Table Wind Farm Colorado Green, Lamar (Prowers County) Prowers County (Lamar) Prowers County (Lamar)

Owner
K/S Ponnequin WindSource & Energy Resources Xcel

Date Online
Jan 1999

MW
5.1

Power Purchaser/User
Xcel

Turbines / Units
NEG Micon (7) NEG Micon (22) Vestas (15) NEG Micon (33) GE Wind 1500 (108) GE Wind 1500 (1) GE Wind 1500 (3)
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Feb-June 1999 2001

16.5

Xcel

New Century (Xcel) New Century (Xcel) Xcel Energy / GE Wind Wind Corp. Arkansas River Power Authority Lamar Utilities Board

9.9 29.7

New Century (Xcel) New Century (Xcel)

Dec 2003 2004 2004

162.0 Xcel 1.5 4.5 Arkansas River Power Authority Lamar Utilities Board

New Projects in Colorado

New Wind Projects in Colorado

Project
Spring Canyon Wray School District NA

Utility/Developer
Xcel Energy / Invenergy Wray School District RD2 Xcel Energy / Prairie Wind Energy

Location
Near Peetz Wray Near Lamar

Status
Construction to begin in June

MW Capacity
60 1.5

On Line By/ Turbines

2005 / GE Wind 1500kW (87) 2005 / 1500kW (1) 2005 / 1500kW (46)

PPA Signed

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Ponnequin 30 MW
Operate with wind speeds between 7-55 mph Originally part of voluntary wind signup program Total of 44 turbines In 2001, 15 turbines added ~1 MW serves ~300 customers ~1 million dollars each 750 KW of electricity each turbine Construction began Dec 98 Date online total June 1999 Hub height 181 ft Blade diameter 159 ft Land used for buffalo grazing
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Wind Power Advantages

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Advantages of Wind Power

Wind power is a renewable resource, which means using it will not deplete the earth's supply of fossil fuels. It also is a clean energy source, and produces no carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulates, or any other type of air pollution, as do conventional fossil fuel power sources. Because it removes energy directly from the atmosphere, wind power is direct mitigation of global warming. Economic Development Fuel Diversity & Conservation Cost Stability The energy consumption for production, installation, operation and decommission of a wind turbine is usually earned back within 3 months of operation. Different from fossil or nuclear power stations with a huge demand for cooling water, wind turbines do not need water to generate electricity
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Pollution from Electric Power

Sulfur Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Nitrous Oxides Particulate Matter Toxic Heavy Metals 0% 20% 34% 33% 28% 23% 40% 60%

70%

80%

Percentage of U.S. Emissions

Source: Northwest Foundation, 12/97

Electric power is a primary source of industrial air pollution

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Economic Development Benefits

Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities Increased tax revenue Purchase of goods & services

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Economic Development Example

Case Study: Lake Benton, MN
$2,000 per 750-kW turbine in revenue to farmers

Up to 150 construction, 28 ongoing O&M jobs

Added $700,000 to local tax base

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Fuel Diversity Benefits

Domestic energy source Inexhaustible supply Small, dispersed design

reduces supply risk

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Cost Stability Benefits

Flat-rate pricing

hedge against fuel price volatility risk

Wind electricity is inflation-proof

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Wind Power Design

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Types of wind machines

Fan Mill Horizontal Axis

Darrieus Vertical Axis

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Power in the Wind (W/m2)

The power in the wind is: Power = r A V3

= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3

V3

Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa) R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) T - air temperature (K)

Area = r2 m2

Instantaneous Speed (not mean speed) m/s

kg/m3

Power = 0.6125 AV3 Power = 0.00508 AV3

Using the density of air at sea level:

(metric) (mph, ft)
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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics

Wind Speed

Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity 2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity

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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics

Height

Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity

V2 = (H2/H1)aV1

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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics

Air density

Wind energy increases proportionally with air density Humid climates have greater air density than dry climates Lower elevations have greater air density than higher elevations Wind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea level

Blade swept area

Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the blades

Blades are shaped like airplane wings

10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter

Resulting in 600 foot total height

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Betz Limit
Theoretical maximum energy extraction from wind = 16/27 = 59.3% Undisturbed wind velocity reduced by 1/3 Albert Betz (1928)

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Rotor Designs

Two blades are cheaper but do not last as long Three blades are more stable and last longer

Options include: Upwind vs downwind Passive vs active yaw Common option chosen is to direct the rotor upwind of the tower with a tail vane
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Wind Turbine Power Curve

2500

Vestas V80 2 MW Wind Turbine

2000

KW

1500

1000

500

10

20

30 MPH

40

50
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Recent Capacity Enhancements

2006 5 MW 600

2000 850 kW 265

2003 1.8 MW 350

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Rotor Diameter Vs. Output Power Capacity

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Nacelle Components
5

10

16 17
1. Hub controller 2. Pitch cylinder 3. Main shaft 4. Oil cooler 5. Gearbox 6. Top Controller 7. Parking Break 8. Service crane 9. Transformer 10. Blade Hub 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

12 12

Blade bearing Blade Rotor lock system Hydraulic unit Machine foundation Yaw gears Generator Ultra-sonic sensors Meteorological gauges

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Turbines Constantly Improving

Larger turbines Specialized blade design Power electronics Computer modeling

produces more efficient design

Manufacturing improvements

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Improving Reliability
Drastic improvements since mid-80s Manufacturers report availability data of over 95%

100
% Available 80 60 40 20 0 1981 '83 '85 '90 '98 Year
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40

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Photos by George Gull, Cornell University

Largest Existing Offshore Turbine is REpower 5M

Rotor diameter = 126 m
Beatrice Project in North Sea will demonstrate two REpower 5-MW turbines in offshore application for the first time. Other firsts for Europe include: Deepest water (45 m depth)

410-tonne turbine and 210-tonne tower

Each rotor blade weighs 18 tonnes

Farthest offshore (25 km)

Tower platform and anchoring concept

Sep 2004 installation of turbine rotor in onshore prototype at Brunnsbutel, Germany, in Schleswig-Holstein

750-tonne truss-work platform Suction-caisson anchor

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Horns Rev 2-MW Turbines Installed Using Self-Propelled A2 SEA Vessels

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North Hoyle 2-MW Turbines Installed Using Towed Seacore Jack-Up Rigs

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How Big is a 3.6 MW Wind Turbine? This picture shows a Large Rotor Blades (Shipped by Water Offshore Wind Projects Minimize Transfers) 3.6-MW wind turbine superimposed on a Boeing 74-400

GE 3.6 MW rotor (104 m diameter)

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VCERC submitting a CRADA Proposal to Develop Large-Blade Testing Facility

Opportunities to develop remote structural monitoring methods for non-destructive testing of long,composite aerospace structures

Wind turbine blades require static (bending, twist) and dynamic (fatigue) load testing to ensure durability for book life of project. No North American test facilities now exist that are capable of testing 70 m long blades.

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Hybridizing Marine Renewables with Offshore Gas for Baseload Power

ADVANTAGES: Provides high-value baseload power Avoids utility need for land-based spinning reserve to accommodate wind variability Submarine power cable to shore more secure, with less environmental impact than gas pipeline

Avoids onshore siting challenge of finding cooling water for land-based gas power plants Prolongs offshore gas reservoir life for more secure future

Eclipse Energys hybrid project in Irish Sea to come on 48 line in 2007

Wind Project Siting

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Wind Speed and Power Density Classes

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Siting a Wind Farm

Winds

Minimum class 4 desired for utility-scale wind farm (>7 m/s at hub height)
Distance, voltage excess capacity Land-use compatibility Public acceptance Visual, noise, and bird impacts are biggest concern Economies of scale in construction Number of landowners
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Transmission

Permit approval

Land area

Wind Disadvantages

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Market Barriers

Siting

Avian Noise Aesthetics

Intermittent source of power Transmission constraints Operational characteristics different from conventional fuel sources Financing

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Wind Energy and the Grid

Pros

Small project size Short/flexible development time Dispatchability

Generally remote location Grid connectivity -- lack of transmission capability Intermittent output

Cons

Only When the wind blows (night? Day?)

Low capacity factor Predicting the wind -- were getting better

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Birds - A Serious Obstacle

Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in jeopardy Altamont Pass News Update from Sept 22

shut down all the turbines for at least two months each winter eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines Replace all before permits expire in 13 years
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Wind Characteristics & Consequences

Remote location and low capacity factor

Higher

transmission investment per unit output

mismatch with transmission investment

Small project size and quick development time

Planning

Intermittent output
Higher

system operating costs if systems and protocols not designed properly

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Balancing Supply & Demand

4500

Gas
4000

Gas/Hydro
3500

Base Load Coal

3000

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Energy Delivery
Lake Benton II Storm Lake

Lake Benton & Storm Lake Power February 24, 2002

200000

Combined

180000

160000

140000

120000

(kW)

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00

(HH:MM)

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Energy Delivery
Lake Benton II Storm Lake

Lake Benton & Storm Lake Power July 7, 2003

180000

Combined

160000

140000

120000

100000

(kW)
80000 60000 40000 20000 0

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

(HH:MM)

23:00

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

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Wind Economics

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Wind Farm Design Economics

Key Design Parameters

Mean wind speed at hub height Capacity factor

Start with 100% Subtract time when wind speed less than optimum Subtract time due to scheduled maintenance Subtract time due to unscheduled maintenance Subtract production losses
Dirty blades, shut down due to high winds

Typically 33% at a Class 4 wind site

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Wind Farm Financing

Financing

LIBOR

Terms

Interest rate
+ 150 basis points

Loan term
Up

to 15 years

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Cost of Energy Components

Cost (/kWh) = (Capital Recovery Cost + O&M) / kWh/year

Capital Recovery = Debt and Equity Cost O&M Cost = Turbine design, operating environment kWh/year = Wind Resource

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Cost of Energy Trend

1979: 40 cents/kWh

2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh

Increased Turbine Size

NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized)

R&D Advances
Manufacturing Improvements
2004: 3 4.5 cents/kWh
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Construction Cost Elements

Financing & Legal Fees 3% Development Activity 4% Interconnect/ Subsation 4% Interest During Construction 4% Towers (tubular steel) 10% Construction 22% Design & Engineering 2% Land Transportation 2%

Turbines, FOB USA 49%

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Future Trends

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Expectations for Future Growth

20,000 total turbines installed by 2010 6% of electricity supply by 2020

100,000 MW of wind power installed by 2020

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Future Cost Reductions

Financing Strategies

Manufacturing Economy of Scale

Better Sites and Tuning Turbines for Site Conditions Technology Improvements

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Future Tech Developments

Application Specific Turbines

Offshore Limited land/resource areas Transportation or construction limitations Low wind resource Cold climates

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The Future of Wind - Offshore

1.5 - 6 MW per turbine 60-120 m hub height 5 km from shore, 30 m deep ideal Gravity foundation, pole, or tripod formation Shaft can act as artificial reef Drawbacks- T&D losses (underground cables lead to shore) and visual eye sore

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Wind Energy Storage

Pumped hydroelectric

Georgetown facility Completed 1967 Two reservoirs separated by 1000 vertical feet Pump water uphill at night or when wind energy production exceeds demand Flow water downhill through hydroelectric turbines during the day or when wind energy production is less than demand About 70 - 80% round trip efficiency Raises cost of wind energy by 25% Difficult to find, obtain government approval and build new facilities Using wind power to compress air in underground storage caverns

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Salt domes, empty natural gas reservoirs

Costly, inefficient Use wind power to electrolyze water into hydrogen Store hydrogen for use later in fuel cells 50% losses in energy from wind to hydrogen and hydrogen to electricity 25% round trip efficiency Raises cost of wind energy by 4X

Hydrogen storage

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U.S. Wind Energy Challenges

Best wind sites distant from

population centers major grid connections Can mitigate if forecasting improves

Wind variability

Non-firm power

Debate on how much backup generation is required

Cape Wind project met with strong resistance by Cape Cod residents Sea floor drops off rapidly on east and west coasts

NIMBY component

Limited offshore sites

North Sea essentially a large lake

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Intermittent federal tax incentives

Many Thanks for your attention!

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