Key UMTS Radio Design Strategy 26 Considerations

Key UMTS Radio Design Strategy & Considerations
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Version 3.1
Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 3G and 2G Design Similarities 3G and 2G Design Differences CDMA Myths and Misconceptions Design Considerations
Presentation Name - 1
Sample GSM Link Budget

Basic link budget concept the same Some parameters such as shadowing, inbuilding penetration, and body loss are independent of cellular technology
GSM UPLINK/DOWNLINK LINK BUDGET GSM900 Base Station Transmitter/Receiver

PA Max Output Rx Sensitivity Rx Sensitivity + Diversity Common Cable Losses Antenna Gain (ISO) Combiner Losses Slant loss EIRP PA Max Output Rx Sensitivity Common Cable Losses Antenna Gain (ISO.) 44.8 -110 -115 3.9 18 4.7 1.5 52.7 33 -102 0 0
GSM1800
44.8 -110 -115 3.9 18 4.7 1.5 52.7 30 -102 0 0 3.0 10 2.0 6.7 133.2 dB 135.0 dB 133.2 dB
Mobile Station Transmitter/Receiver
Margins
Body Losses Indoor Penetration Factor Overlapping Margin Shadow margin Total Uplink Budget Total Downlink Budget Worst Link Budget 3.0 10.0 2.0 6.7 136.2 dB 135.0 dB 135.0 dB
Maximum Allowable Path Loss
Sample UMTS Link Budget

Basic link budget concept the same Some parameters are unique such as loading factor / interference margin and Eb/N0
UMTS UPLINK LINK BUDGET
CS12.2 CS 64 PS 64 PS 128 PS 384 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 2170 2170 2170 2170 2170 3840 3840 3840 3840 3840 -108.2 -108.2 -108.2 -108.2 -108.2 12.2 64 64 128 384 25 17.8 17.8 14.8 10 User Equipment Transmitter Maximum UE TX power (dBm) / MEAN 21 21 21 21 21 UE TX antenna gain (dBi) 0 0 0 0 0 Total UE TX EIRP (dBm) 21 21 21 21 21 Base Station Receiver BS RX noise figure (dB) 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 BS RX Eb/No (dB) 7.7 5.4 4.0 3.4 3.4 BS RX sensitivity (dBm) -122.1 -117.2 -118.6 -116.2 -111.5 BS RX antenna gain (dBi) 18 18 18 18 18 Slant losses 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 BS RX cable & connector losses (dB) 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 Maximum allowable isotropic path loss (dB) 155.7 150.8 152.2 149.8 145 Margins Area Reliability desired 90.00% 90.00% 90.00% 90.00% 90.00% Edge Reliability 82.76% 82.76% 82.76% 82.76% 82.76% Total Standard deviation (dB) 8 8 8 8 8 Shadowing Margin (Including Soft Handover Gain) 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 Building/car penetration factor (dB) 10 10 10 10 10 Body loss (dB) 3 1 1 1 1 UL Interference margin due to traffic loading (dB) 3 3 3 3 3 Other margin/correction (dB) 0 0 0 0 0 Total required margin (dB) / UPLINK 18.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 Maximum Allowable Uplink Path Loss Available Uplink Link Budget (dB) 137.1 134.2 135.6 133.2 128.4 General RX Frequency band (MHz) TX Frequency band (MHz) Spreading bandwidth (kHz) Thermal noise (kTB) (dBm) Data rate (kb/s) Processing gain (dB)
Propagation Models
The propagation models and propagation prediction tools used in GSM and UMTS network design are similar Hata model typically used for GSM900 is not suitable for UMTS which is in the range of 2GHz COST231 extended the applicability of the Hata model to higher frequencies including those of the GSM1800 and UMTS frequency bands The COST231 formula is:
L = (44.9 6.55log (hb)) log (d) + 46.3 + 33.9log (f) 13.82log (hb) a (hm) + Cm
a(hm): antenna height gain correction factor
a(hm) = (1.1log(f) 0.7)hm (1.56log(f)-0.8)sf
f: center frequency (MHz) hb: base station antenna height (m) hm: mobile antenna height (m) d: distance (km) Cm: environmental correction factor This model applies under the following conditions:
f: 1,500-2,000 MHz hb: 30-200 m hm: 1-10 m d: 1-20 km
Same model used for UMTS like in GSM1800 after applying a simple correction factor of 33.9log(fumts/fgsm).
Same Propagation Prediction Tool

Nortel 2G/3G radio design tool:
iPlanner
PC Windows2000/NT Used for GSM, IS-95 CDMA, cdma2000,

and UMTS RF design
Traffic spreading algorithm applied for

CDMA-based technologies
UMTS Considerations in Planning Tool

UMTS capability
W-CDMA Multi-services
Speech Data: LCD64, 144, 384, 2048 UDD64, 144, 384, 2048
UMTS Cell Quality Coverage Planning of Maps ToolService
Multi-carriers Multi-users
Coverage prediction
Pathloss calculations Coverage based on design thresholds
UMTS Cell Planning Tool
WCDMA simulations
Summary of 2G & 3G Design Similarities

Same basic link budget concepts
Parameters such as shadowing, in-building penetration, and body loss are independent of cellular technology
Same radio propagation and prediction tools can be used
Content
Key Differences in RF Design

WCDMA RF Characteristics compared to GSM
Coverage more Uplink Limited. GSM practice of balanced link budget not possible. Coverage quality sensitive to traffic load. (At Higher Spectral Efficiency) Cell capacity usually limited by Downlink. All neighbor cells are attenuated Co Channel interferers. Soft Capacity Shared over Clusters of Cells. Self Adapts to Hotspots Faster Handoff Processing essential
WCDMA RF Design for Voice & Packet Data

Interference Control Critical for all CDMA Technologies. Cloverleaf Pattern with 65 Deg Beam preferred for Macrocells with optimized azimuth . Microcells can be Co Channel to Macro Layer.
Balance: Capacity
Goal to Balance QOS, Coverage, Capacity, Cost

COST
QOS
Coverage
CDMA RF Design Strategies (1/2)

1. Server dominance is critical
Impact on radio capacity, hardware provision, call setup reliability, voice quality, data throughput and call drop rate Weak Ec/Io and high soft HO rate may be sign of no dominant server
2. Low antenna height variance

High antenna height variance may result in pilot pollution
3. Locating sites near the traffic

Power control is central to CDMA-based technology, low overall interference will result in capacity gain
4. Careful antenna selection to capture target traffic

Not just to increase RSSI as in GSM but to capture traffic from a specific spot
5. Consider a variety of radio bearers

Consider the trade-off between coverage and guaranteed bearer
CDMA RF Design Strategies (2/2)

6. User segmentation
User segmentation allows cost effective use of capacity
7. High power PA
In a asymmetric cell design use of high power PA reduces site count significantly
8. Micro cell strategy

Carefully planning can allow effective use of micro cell in certain scenario
9. Repeater
Repeater is cost effective for addressing indoor or coldspot coverage extension Engineering and optimization of repeater must be done only by experts to avoid polluting the network
10. CDMA experience & engineering tools

The use of CDMA experience together with effective engineering tools will shorten the learning curve
WCDMA Design Parameters

Significant Parameters
The most constraining radio bearer (CS12.2, PS64,
CS64, etc.) because this impacts the required uplink Eb/N0
Less Significant Parameters

Downlink RSSI Downlink common pilot Ec Actual BLER
Target BLER because this also

impacts the required uplink Eb/N0
Common pilot Ec/I0 at the cell edge. The design target is

often -12 dB.
Mobile transmit power. The

design target including all margins is 21 dBm or less.
Optimization Metrics
Dropped calls and unsuccessful call attempts: plots, counts, and percentages Actual BLER, uplink and downlink Common pilot Ec/I0 only to indicate poorlyoptimized coverage, pilot pollution, and no dominant server problems Number of cells/radio links per user Mobile transmit power Capacity per cell
Soft Handover Gain

Soft handover gain is manifested in a lower average mobile transmit power Soft handover is an important tool to extend cell coverage Soft handover in transition zones must be carefully planned
Reliability
1 0.9 0.8
Single Server Two Servers (50% correlation) Two Servers (0% correlation) SHO Gain @ 90% Rel.
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
Log(Signal Power) Required link margin for two servers @ 90% reliability
Soft HO gain is unique to WCDMA

Required link margin for one server @ 90% reliability
Capacity-Coverage Tradeoff
Capacity
Cell splitting : site densification Zone B
Optimal cell size for capacity and coverage

GSM UMTS Too big cell Coverage capacity trade-off Zone C
Too much interference Killed capacity Zone D
Hardware upgrade Zone A
Cell size (Km)
Capacity-coverage trade-off represents the relationship between the cell size used for design versus the capacity the cell is able to offer. In GSM, cell size is defined to guarantee a certain quality of coverage. In UMTS cell size is defined by the uplink link budget for a maximum uplink capacity, and downlink capacity is deduced. The larger the cell, the smaller the uplink capacity by definition.but also the bigger the power needed per user, hence the smaller the downlink capacity, PA power being the shared resource. UMTS design calls for an optimum cell size for a maximum capacity.
Optimal Cell Size determined by Capacity-Coverage Tradeoff

Asymmetric Model @384kbpsDL & 64kbps

UL (already conditioned by cell size)
The 45W amplifier provides the necessary power, unlike a 20W solution.
iBTS Sensitivity Power Path loss DL
Path loss UL
Power
UE Sensitivity
The UL range is limited by low UE TX power (Max = 250mW, Min<1 miW), while the iBTS can transmit at higher power to achieve much higher throughput over the same distance on the downlink.
High Power PA Benefit for Asymmetric Cell Design
With asymmetric call profile cell coverage can be enhanced using high power PA, thus reducing site count.
Up to 40% reduction in cell sites possible with Asymmetric Cell Design

Economics Comparison
(Based on High Power PA) PA cost / Capacity 45W MCPA
,, OTSR ,,, , ,
OTSRSRST2
20W SCPA
100% (STSR1) 100% (STSR1) 100% (STSR1) 100% (STSR2) 100% (STSR1) 100% (STSR2) 100% (STSR3)
38% (OTSR) 38% (OTSR) 96% (STSR1) 55% (STSR2) 96% (STSR1) 55% (STSR2) 75% (STSR3)
STSR1 - STSR3
(CBD), STSR2STSR3 (, TD , )
55% (STSR2) 100% (STSR2) 75% (STSR3) 100% (STSR3) 37% (STSR3TD) 100% (STSR3TD)
Summary of 2G & 3G Design Differences

Coverage + Interference analysis required to deliver good network performance Uniform antenna height more crucial to prevent network performance degradation such as Pilot pollution Soft Handover resulting in effective coverage gain Maximum optimal cell size determined by Capacity-Coverage tradeoffs
Cell coverage is limited by uplink, Cell capacity is limited by downlink
Asymmetric Design resulting in 40% reduction in site counts
Content
WCDMA Cell Loading Effect

BS Receiver
Lowest Despread Signal
Maximum Noise Floor Processing Gain Receiver sensitivity (x kbps) Processing Gain Eb/No Eb/No
UE1
x kbps
UE2
x kbps Cell Breathing
x kbps
UE3
x kbps
UE4
The more loaded the cell, the smaller the cell.

BTS
Cell Breathing
UE
1
UE
x kbps
x kbps Cell Breathing
UE
UE
3
x kbps
x kbps
BTS
Cell breathing effects: Nullified by the RF design process
Cell breathing not a significant issue Cell breathing accounted for in design. Effective service area does not change in full load per design. Link budgets include numerous margins such as cell loading, shadowing margin, body-loss margin, cell loading and in-building penetration margin.
Cell Breathing effects can be captured by including cell loading factor in the link budget
WCDMA Capacity Characteristic
Downlink Capacity Characteristic Self - interference
Dominates
Capacity
Thermal Noise Dominates
Site Spacing
WCDMA capacity is downlink limited

Downlink link budget & link balance

Key parameters for DL link budget not generalizable Downlink Eb/No is not predictable in CDMAbased system WCDMA self-interference received by a mobile is extremely sensitive to the mobiles location Auto-balancing in WCDMA Power control algorithms will try to achieve target BLER In effect, UMTS (or CDMA-based systems) is auto-balancing
Code Division - User distinguishes By Codes

Cscramb Cch : Scrambling Code (distinguishes Cells and Mobile Users) : Channelization Code (distinguishes one Communication Channel direction)
Cscramb Cch & Cch Cscramb Cch

Channel #i Sector 2
Cscramb
Sector 1
Sector 3
Cscramb Cch
Channel #i
Cscramb Cch
Cscramb Cch
Channel #i
Scrambling Code Planning

Scrambing code planning is not as complicated as frequency planning in GSM From Nortel CDMA experience scrambling code reuse pattern can be easily planned and usually requires little change after deployment Can be achieved simply by ensuring that no cells have neighboring cells whose scrambling codes are the same
Scrambling Code reuse pattern is much simpler than frequency reuse in GSM
Compressed Mode Concept

Transmission gaps provided for UE to retune and search inter frequency GSM handoff candidiates at UMTS cluster Edge.
UE transmits at x2 Rate immediately before and after gap using secondary spreading codes (non orthogonal) Other options include reduced interleaving on primary code.
Interleaved sequences required to search GSM RSSI and BSIC
Pattern for GSM RSSI measurements
Pattern for initial BSIC identification Pattern for BSIC reconfirmation
GSM RSSI Measurements
Initial BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
GSM RSSI Measurements
Initial BSIC Identification
Compressed mode issue

Why measurement assisted hard HO not popular in CDMA? Impact to voice quality due to high frequency search Impact to radio capacity may be significant Compressed Mode in UMTS Degree of improvement not clear Power control issue (no power control while searching) Reduced spreading factor may cause code management issue Problems may be significant in heavily loaded cells Hard HO issue cannot be completely addressed by compressed mode Hierarchical cell structure (HCS) is not equally applicable in UMTS as in GSM
Compressed Mode is not the only hard handoff solution

CM Capacity Impact
Capacity decreases in larger clusters. Tolerable if UMTS deployed initially in small clusters with low traffic expectations. Blind Hard Handoff to GSM should be considered Based on simulations
RSSI CM Measurement Trigger (dBm) GSM Border Handoff Thresh (dBm) % Users in Compressed Mode % PA Power on Secondary Codes Carried Voice Traffic (Erlangs) % Erlang Capacity -95 0 0 42 100.0% -90 -95 5.1 17.5 32 74.4% -85 -95 11.8 33 23 53.5%
RSSI trigger level has a huge impact on the applicability of Compressed Mode
UMTS & CDMA2000

UMTS
5MHz cdma FDD 3.84Mcps (GPS), 10ms QPSK()BPSK( ) GSM (based on RF condition) () 1500Hz
cdma2000
1.25MHz cdma FDD 1.2288Mcps GPS 20ms QPSK()BPSK( ) IS-95 (based on voice activity) (,) 800Hz
Content
Topics
Design targets :
Coverage Availability Capacity Reliability
Interference Control Site Selection Concerns Co-location Concerns Load-Sharing Concerns RF Design Rules Indoor Coverage Strategy Hotspot Coverage Strategy
Coverage Requirement
Service area
Need to define the most constraining service Need to identify areas of particular importance just like GSM
Service availability
Usually ranges from 75-95% High availability will mean high site count
Rollout Phasing and Contiguous Coverage

Contiguous coverage is more cost effective Best practice is to have single urban service area expanding over time towards suburban and rural
Continuous Coverage & Phased Rollout

Phase 1
Potential interference area, but not critical in Phase 1 due to low traffic
Coverage Plot (fig. 1)
Ec/Io Plot (fig.2)
The initial UMTS build-out is recommended to be coverageoriented

Coverage should be continuous to minimise inter system handoffs, increasing demand on network resources and may result in higher drop-call rates The coverage should start from dense-urban, urban area and expanding to sub-urban and rural area
Since UMTS/CDMA network is interference limited, the Ec/Io also need to be evaluated. (see fig. 2)
Continuous Coverage & Phased Rollout

Phase 2
Coverage Plot (fig. 1)
Ec/Io Plot (fig. 2)
During Phase 2, increasing UMTS subscribers requires new capacity cells to be added (see fig. 1) and coverage area is expanded at the same time
The interference area observed in Phase 1 is resolved by adding the new capacity cells (see fig. 2)
Add capacity cells to handle traffic increase in Phase 2

Quality, Traffic and Site Selection

BLER target is a trade-off between quality and radio capacity
From IS95 CDMA and CDMA2000 experience 2% target for voice is good compromise CSD (Video) requires anywhere from 1% to 5% Packet bearers are typically configured from 5% to 10%
Site selection
When reusing existing sites, care must be taken to reduce irregular site spacing and great variation in antenna height Reuse existing site only if it is suitable for UMTS
Traffic management
Experience shows best strategy is to migrate heaviest users to dual mode service Ensure dual mode users use UMTS whenever possible
UMTS Site Selection
Coverage Plot (Fig.1)
Ec/Io Plot (Fig.2)
UMTS/CDMA Network is Interference limited System In GSM system, RF design is measured by RSSI level in coverage area (see fig. 1) , but in CDMA/UMTS RF design, interference must be evaluated as well (see fig. 2) 100% GSM & UMTS blind co-location may cause problems in UMTS system, such as pilot pollution due to too much interference
Pilot Pollution Area due to too much interference
Minimising Interference is a primary design target

Load Sharing
Load sharing between UMTS carriers is essential to optimise UMTS radio resources
Deploy multi-carrier management system for efficient sharing of UMTS carrier capacity
3G/2G Load Sharing is targeted to achieve resource utilisation efficiency across the unified 3G/2G spectrum
Load Sharing is achieved by Overload prevention & Load balancing
In the initial phase of UMTS deployment, primary objective is to achieve network stability and optimisation
Frequent handovers between systems has an impact on network performance and end user experience Standardisation of Iur-g to enable cell loading information transfer between GSM and UMTS not yet mature
Phased approach required to achieve radio resource utilisation efficiency across unified 2G/3G spectrum
3G/2G Load Sharing is a long term objective

3G/2G Load Sharing:

UMTS network roll-out recommendations
3G/2G PHASE I Essential Mobility 3G to 2G mobility 3G to 2G mobility 2G to 3G mobility 2G to 3G mobility in idle mode in connected mode in idle mode in packet ready mode
3G/2G PHASE II
Enhancements / Segmentation 2G to 3G HO CS domain Maximize UMTS capacity through iMCTA for multi-carriers
3G/2G PHASE III
Advanced Multi-Layer Management iMCTA based on Load, Priority, & Service unifiedRRM
3G/2G Load Sharing:

3G/2G Mobility Considerations Two major types Coverage fill-up - Rescue
Because UMTS coverage may be limited at network launch, it can be complemented with GSM coverage in a seamless manner for the end user. During a first phase, Mobility occurs mainly for radio reasons, in order to maintain the call across the combined 3G/2G coverage areas.
Network optimization - Preventive

During network extension and optimization, it may be useful to introduce load sharing and service segmentation Finally, during network growth and densification, an efficient multilayer management can optimize the radio resources across 2G and 3G networks
Key RF Design rules

RF Coverage control is the most important optimization factor Cell edge reliability and building penetration loss:
if too high pilot pollution
Use downtilt and/or reduce height to confine coverage Create dominant server area Pilot Ec/Io is the important threshold, not signal level Analysis result depends very much on traffic distribution
Coverage & Interference Control is key

Frequent problems encountered in CDMA RF optimisations

Directing the energy to only the desired coverage area for that sector Selecting proper horizontal and vertical patterns
Typical Horizontal antenna pattern should be 65 degrees
Wide horizontal patterns make excessive soft handoff Narrow horizontal patterns leave nulls Wide vertical patterns result in poor coverage control gives poor building penetration and reverse link interference.
Typical Vertical antenna pattern should be 7 degrees, with 4 degrees electrical downtilt

Excessive sector overlap within a site

increases system noise floor Increases soft handoff and expands neighbor lists Degrades Ec/Io Reduces capacity increases system noise floor Increases soft handoff and expands neighbor lists beyond second and third tiers Degrades Ec/Io and creates pilot pollution Reduces capacity
Excessive overlap between sites

RF Optimisation usually involves minimising interference to improve radio capacity

RF Optimisation
Before After
Pilot pollution region resolved
Nortel use in-house developed RF optimizer to process drive test data RF Optimizer is developed as a result of Nortel Networks experience in CDMA RF optimisation
Indoor Coverage Strategy

In Phase 1, most office and residential buildings can be covered by using outdoor Macro site penetrating indoor i.e. maximizing outdoor coverage is primary objective
Shopping malls and deep indoor locations can be covered by using indoor antenna distribution system
Indoor locations with high isolation (e.g. underground car park) may use repeater or micro cell
Incorrect repeater deployments may cause interference which impact network performance Micro cell solution is more expensive than repeaters for coldspot coverage extension
HSDPA will provide additional flexibility in the near future

WLAN may also be considered
Hotspot Coverage Considerations

UMTS hotspot issues are addressed by
Site splitting Increase # of carriers
Micro cell approach (island implementation) is not appropriate

Increased interference between macro and micro layer = Pilot pollution Increased hard handoffs between micro and macro layer resulting in higher effective drop call rate
Careful implementation of the hotspot capacity solution to minimise

Pilot pollution Increased hard handoffs
Nortel Networks has a Twin cell product feature

Improve overall cell capacity for small focused area High percentage of handoffs in hotspot performed through softer handoffs, improving success rate of inter-cell handoffs
RF Co-location with Other Systems (1/4)

RF co-existence is an extremely broad and complicated topic
Location and deployment dependent
Types of interference
Wideband noise Spurious emissions Inter-modulation products Uncoordinated frequency bands
Sources of RF Interference (2/4)

BS transmitter from one network interferes with BS receiver from a different network MS transmitter from one network interferes with BS receiver from a different network BS transmitter from one network interferes MS receiver from a different network MS transmitter from one network interferes with MS transmitter from a different network
Technology-specific Considerations (3/4)

Global considerations
GSM900/ETACS, GSM1800, GSM-R and UMTS
China-specific considerations
CDMA1900 (WLL) downlink interferes with UMTS uplink UMTS uplink interferes with PHS/TD-SCDMA uplink PHS/TD-SCDMA uplink interferes with UMTS uplink PHS/TD-SCDMA downlink interferes with UMTS uplink
Some Solutions for RF Co-location (4/4)

No generic solution for all RF co-existence issues
Each deployment must be assessed individually
Some example solutions

Separation: ensuring as much path loss between source and victim systems as possible Co-location: ensuring source and victim systems share the same cell site Filtering: using antennas and filters

Key UMTS Radio Design Strategy 26 Considerations

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Key UMTS Radio Design Strategy & Considerations

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Sample GSM Link Budget

GSM UPLINK/DOWNLINK LINK BUDGET GSM900 Base Station Transmitter/Receiver

Mobile Station Transmitter/Receiver

Maximum Allowable Path Loss

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Sample UMTS Link Budget

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Same Propagation Prediction Tool

PC Windows2000/NT Used for GSM, IS-95 CDMA, cdma2000,

Traffic spreading algorithm applied for

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

UMTS Considerations in Planning Tool

UMTS Cell Planning Tool

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Summary of 2G & 3G Design Similarities

Same radio propagation and prediction tools can be used

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Key Differences in RF Design

WCDMA RF Design for Voice & Packet Data

Goal to Balance QOS, Coverage, Capacity, Cost

CDMA RF Design Strategies (1/2)

2. Low antenna height variance

3. Locating sites near the traffic

4. Careful antenna selection to capture target traffic

5. Consider a variety of radio bearers

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

CDMA RF Design Strategies (2/2)

8. Micro cell strategy

10. CDMA experience & engineering tools

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

WCDMA Design Parameters

Less Significant Parameters

Target BLER because this also

Common pilot Ec/I0 at the cell edge. The design target is

Mobile transmit power. The

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Soft Handover Gain

Soft HO gain is unique to WCDMA

Required link margin for one server @ 90% reliability

Optimal cell size for capacity and coverage

Too much interference Killed capacity Zone D

Hardware upgrade Zone A

Cell size (Km)

Optimal Cell Size determined by Capacity-Coverage Tradeoff

Asymmetric Model @384kbpsDL & 64kbps

iBTS Sensitivity Power Path loss DL

High Power PA Benefit for Asymmetric Cell Design

Up to 40% reduction in cell sites possible with Asymmetric Cell Design

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Summary of 2G & 3G Design Differences

Asymmetric Design resulting in 40% reduction in site counts

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

WCDMA Cell Loading Effect

x kbps Cell Breathing

The more loaded the cell, the smaller the cell.

x kbps Cell Breathing