Chapter 4

Periodic Table of Elements

Learning Objectives
Analyse the Periodic Table of Elements Analyse Group 18 elements Analyse Group 1 elements Analyse Group 17 elements Analyse elements in a period Understand transition elements

A. The Periodic Table of Elements

Look at these pictures carefully.

A. The Periodic Table of Elements

Why the items in the supermarket or hypermarket are arranged systematically and orderly?

A. The Periodic Table of Elements

Similarly, elements are arranged systematically and orderly.

Historical development of the Periodic Table Antoine Lavoisier

Classify substances into metals and non-metals Unsuccessful because light, heat and some other compounds where not elements.
(1743-1794)

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Johann Dobereiner
Introduced triads. Elements were classified into groups of three elements with same chemical properties The atomic mass of middle elements was approximately the average atomic mass of the other two elements

(1780-1849)

Historical development of the Periodic Table John Newlands

Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Elements with similar properties recurred at every eight element. This was known as the Law of Octaves Failed because only obeyed by first 17 elements only
(1837-1898)

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Lothar Meyer
Plotted a graph of the atomic volume against atomic mass. Elements with similar chemical properties occupied same positions. Successful in showing the properties of elements formed a periodic pattern against their atomic masses.
(1830-1895)

Historical development of the Periodic Table Antoine Lavoisier

Classify substances into metals and non-metals Unsuccessful because light, heat and some other compounds where not elements.
(1834-1907)

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Henry J. G. Moseley (1887-1915)
Concluded that proton number should be the bases for the periodic change of chemical properties Arranged the elements in order of increasing proton number in the Periodic Table.

Modern Periodic Table of Elements

Elements are arranged according their increasing proton number. Vertical columns = groups(according to their number of valence electron/s Horizontal rows = periods (number of electron shells filled by electrons)

Modern Periodic Table of Elements

Group 18/VIII Elements

Known as noble gases/inert gases(chemically unreactive elements) Non-metals that exist as monoatomic colourless gases. Members : Helium(He), Neon(Ne), Argon(Ar), Krypton(Kr), Xenon(Xe), Radon(Ra).

Physical Properties of Group 18

Very small atomic sizes. Low melting and boiling points
Weak van der Waals forces of attraction between atoms.

Low densities
Very small masses but huge volumes.

Melting and boiling points of elements increase down the Group 18.

Chemical Properties?
All Group 18 elements are chemically inert/unreactive. The outermost electron shell of each member is fully occupied by electrons. This is a stable electron arrangement which in Helium, it is said achieve duplet electron
arrangement.

Other than Helium, it is said achieve octet electron arrangement.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Airships

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Airships

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Airships

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Weather balloon

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Weather balloon

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen tank for divers.

Oxygen tank

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen tank for divers.

Oxygen tank

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen tank for divers.

Oxygen tank

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Neon
Advertising lights

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Neon
Used in aeroplane runway lights

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Argon
To fill light bulbs.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Krypton
Used in lasers to repair the retina of the eye.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Krypton
To fill photographic flash lamps.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Xenon
Making electron tubes and stroboscopic lamps

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Radon
Used to treat cancer

Group 1 Elements
Consists of lithium(Li), sodium(Na), potassium(K), rubidium(Rb), caesium(Cs) and francium(Fr). They are known as alkali metals because they react with water to produce alkaline solution.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Soft Low melting points Low densities Shiny and silvery surface Good conductor of heat Good conductor of electricity

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Hardness, melting point and boiling of the elements decrease.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Hardness, melting point and boiling of the elements decrease.

Metallic bonding in metals is caused by the attraction between positive ions and the sea of negative electrons surrounding them.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Hardness, melting point and boiling of the elements decrease.

When go down Group 1, atom becomes larger. The positive nucleus gets further away from the negative sea of electrons.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Hardness, melting point and boiling of the elements decrease.

The force of attraction between the metal ions and the sea of electrons gets weaker down the group.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Hardness, melting point and boiling of the elements decrease.

Less energy is needed to overcome this weakening force of attraction.

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

All react with water to produce alkaline metal hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas. 2X(s) + 2H2O(l) 2XOH(aq) + H2(g)
How to test the alkaline solution?

Group 1 metals + Water

Group 1 metals + Water

Group 1 metals + Water

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

All burn in oxygen gas to produce white solid metal oxides. 4X(s) + O2(g) 2X2O(s) The oxide dissolve in water to form alkaline metal hydroxide solution. X2O(s) + H2O(l) 2XOH(aq)

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

All burn in chlorine gas to produce white solid metal chlorides. 2X(s) + Cl2(g) 2XCl(s)

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Why all elements in Group 1 have same chemical properties?
Chemical reaction is all about the activity of electron/s All the elements have one valence electron. Each of them reacts by donating one valence electron to form an ion with a charge of +1 to achieve stable electron arrangement.

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Why the reactivity of elements increases down the Group 1?
Atomic size of Group 1 elements increases from lithium to francium./Number of shells occupied by electrons increases. Distance between the valence electron in the outermost shell and positive nucleus increases down the Group 1. Attraction between nucleus and valence electron decreases. It is easier for the atom to lose the valence electron to achieve stable electron arrangement.

Group 1 metals + Water

Group 17 Elements
Members are fluorine(F2) , chlorine(Cl2), bromine(Br2), iodine(I2), and astatine(At2) The elements are also known as halogens which exist as diatomic molecules.

Physical Properties of Group 17

They have low melting and boiling points because molecules are attracted to each other by weak van der Waals forces of attraction. The melting and boiling points of the elements increases down Group 17. This change the states of elements from gas to solid and the colour of elements from lighter colour to darker colour.

Physical Properties of Group 17

Elements
Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

State
Gas Gas Liquid Solid

Colour
Pale yellow Greenish-yellow Reddish-brown Purplish-black

Physical Properties of Group 17

Why the melting and boiling points of elements increases down Group 17?
Molecular size/relative molecular mass of the elements increases down Group 17. Forces of attraction between molecules/Intermolecular forces of attraction increases. More heat is needed to overcome the stronger forces of attraction between the molecules.

Chemical Properties of Group 17

All members have similar chemical properties but differ in the reactivity.
React with water to form two acids X2(g) + H2O(l) HX(aq) + HOX(aq) Example: Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq) hydrochloric hypochlorous acid acid Hypochlorous acid is a bleaching agent (bleach both blue and red litmus paper)

Chemical Properties of Group 17

All members have similar chemical properties but differ in the reactivity.
Halogens in gaseous state react with hot iron to form brown solid. 2Fe(s) + 3X2(g) 2FeX3(s) Example: 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s) solid iron(III) chloride(brown)

Chemical Properties of Group 17

All members have similar chemical properties but differ in the reactivity.
Halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution to produce sodium halide, sodium halate(I) and water X2 + 2NaOH(aq) NaX(aq) + NaOX(aq) + H2O(l) Example: Cl2 + 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l) Sodium chlorate(I)

Chemical Properties of Group 17

Why all halogens possess similar chemical properties? Chemical reaction = lose or accept electron/s All halogens always gain one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement. Therefore, they have similar chemical properties.

Chemical Properties of Group 17

Why chemical reactivity of halogens decreases down Group 17? Atomic size/number of electron occupied shells of halogens increases down Group 17. The outermost shell becomes further from the nucleus of the atom. Strength to attract one electron into the outermost shell by the nucleus becomes weaker. Reactivity decreases.

Period
Elements across a period exhibit a periodic change in properties. Period 3 Proton number increases by one unit from one element to the next element

Period
All the atoms of the elements have three shells occupied with electrons The number of valence electrons in each atom increase from 1 to 8

Period
All the elements exist as solid except chlorine and argon which are gases The atomic radius of elements decreases. This is due to the increasing nuclei attraction on the valence electrons.

Period
The electronegativity of elements increases. This is also due to the increasing nuclei attraction on the valence electrons and the decreases in atomic size.

Period

Metals Metalloid Non-metals Metalloid semi-metal, reacts with acid only, weak conductor, brittle and not malleable and ductile.

Period
Uses of metalloid
Make diodes and transistors A diode A transistor

Both are commonly used in the making of microchips Microchips are widely used in the manufacture of computers, mobile phones, televisions, video recorders, calculators, radio and etc.

Period
Oxides of elements change from basic to amphoteric and then to acidic across the period towards the right.

Basic oxides react with acids to form salt and water Acidic oxides react with alkalis to form salt and water Amphoteric oxides react with both acids and alkalis to form salt and water.

Transition Elements
Elements from Group 3 to Group 12 in the Periodic Table. Common characteristics
Solid metal with shiny surface. Good conductor of heat and electricity. High melting and boiling points. Hard, malleable and ductile.

Transition Elements
Special characteristics
Show different oxidation numbers in their compounds Form coloured ions or compounds Use as catalysts Form complex ions

Transition Elements
Show different oxidation numbers in their compound
Compound Chromium(III) chloride Potassium dichromate(VII) Manganese(II) sulphate Manganese(VI) oxide Potassium manganate(VII) Iron(II) sulphate Iron(III) chloride Copper(I) oxide Copper(II) sulphate Formula CrCl3 K2Cr2O7 MnSO4 MnO2 KMnO4 FeSO4 FeCl3 Cu2O CuSO4 Oxidation number +3 +6 +2 +4 +7 +2 +3 +1 +2

Transition Elements
Form coloured ions or compounds
Element Ion Cr3+ Colour Green Yellow Orange Pale pink Purple Pale green Yellowish brown Pink Green Blue Green

Chromium

CrO42Cr2O72Mn2+ MnO4Fe2+

Manganese

Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper

Fe3+
Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+

Transition Elements
Form coloured ions or compounds
Gemstone Emerald Transition metal Ni and Fe Colour Green

Amethyst

Fe and Mn

Purple

Sapphire

Co and Ti

Blue

Ruby

Cr

Red

Topaz

Fe

Yellow

Transition Elements
Emerald

Transition Elements
Amethyst

Transition Elements
Sapphire

Transition Elements
Ruby

Transition Elements
Topaz

Transition Elements
As catalyst
Process Catalyst To manufacture Ammonia Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Margarine

Haber Process Iron fillings, Fe Contact Process Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 Platinum, Pt Nickel, Ni

Ostwald Process
Hydrogenation

Transition Elements
To form complex ions
Element Iron Chromium Copper Complex ions Hexacyanoferrate(II) ion Hexacyanoferrate(III) ion Hexaamina chromium(III) ion Tetraamina copper(II) ion Formula [Fe(CN)6]4[Fe(CN)6]3[Cr(NH3)6]3+ [Cu(NH3)4]2+

Tetrachlorocuprate(II) ion

[CuCl4]2-