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STANDARDS FOR BIODIESEL ASTM

D 6751-02
Property Limits Units

Flash point, closed cup 130 min °C

Kinematic viscosity, 40 ° C 1.9 – 6.0 mm2/s

Sulfated ash 0.020 max wt. %

Total Sulfur 0.05 max wt. %

Cetane number 47 min

Carbon residue 0.050 max wt. %

Total glycerin 0.240 wt. %


What are fuels??...
• Fuel - material that is burned or altered to
obtain energy.
• Fuel releases its energy through a
chemical reaction means, such as
combustion .
Types of fuel....
1. Non-renewable .
Cannot be produced, re-grown, regenerated,
or reused .
e.g... petrol, diesel, gasoline etc..
2. Renewable.
Can be produced, re-grown, regenerated, or
reused .
e.g... Bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas etc…
What is Biodiesel?
• Alternative fuel for diesel engines
• Made from vegetable oil or animal fat.
• Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
• Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters
produced usually from triglyceride esters by
transesterification.

Fatty Acid
FA Alcohol
Glycerin

FA FA
FA Biodiesel

Vegetable Oil
Biodiesel can be used in existing Diesel Engines

• Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum


diesel (B20, BXX).
• Little or no engine modifications
• Use existing fuel distribution network.
• Available now
Environmental Issues…..
• Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of carbon
dioxide.
• Biodiesel – maintain the present CO2 level. Biodiesel’s Closed
Carbon Cycle

30% Increase
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel
B100 **
B20
Diesel CO2
Mutagenicity
n-PAHs
PAHs
Sulfates
**NOx
Particulate Matter
CO
Total Unburned HCs
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percent
Manufacturing of Bio Diesel….

1. Collection of J. seeds.
2. Crushing & grinding of seeds.

3. Tranesterification of oil.
4. Purification.
Manufacturing flow chart….
Methanol
Raw material (seed) Catalyst

Raw oil Transesterification


Oil press
reactor

By product meal
Esters layer
Wash and
separate Phase separator

(Glycerin layer )

By product
( biodiesel)
Explorer or oil press.
Transesterification of oil…..
• Transesterification is the general term
used to describethe important class of
organic reactions where an ester is
transformed into another through
interchange of the alkoxy moiety.
Simple transesterification reaction

O
O

C
CH3 + ROH C CH3 + CH3CH2OH

CH3 CH2O RO

Ester + alcohol
Different Ester + Different alcohol
Needs of transesterification
Jatrpha curcas oil has:

• High viscosity .
• Poor volatility .
• Polymerization in combustion chamber
leading to deposit.
• Fuel line and filter clogging .

The easiest way to make it fuel grade is the


transesterification process.
Advantages from transesterification

• Bio-diesel is non toxic and biodegradable


• It reduces the emission of harmful pollutants from diesel
engine (80% less CO2 and 100% less sulpher dioxide)
• It has a high cetane number than diesel. Cetane number
is a measure of fuels ignition quality. The high cetane
number of bio-diesel contributes to easy cold starting
and low idle noise.
• It increases the life of diesel engine as it is more
lubricating
• Bio-diesel replaces the exhaust order of engine with a
more pleasant smell.
Chemistry of Triglycerides
• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride(oil)
with a alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…).
• What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of glycerol
and three fatty acids:
Transesterification
While actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction
looks like this:

CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH


|  |
CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH  3CH3OORx + CHOH
| |
CH2OOR3 CH2OH
Triglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin

R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same),
and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved determine the final
properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold flow properties, etc.)
Transesterificatio
n
Reactor
Settling Tank
Production method…..
1. First dissolve the Catalyst(KOH) into the methanol.
Shake or swirl until all has dissolved.

2. This may take 10 minutes. This mixture is called


sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide.

3. Take the Jatropha Oil in a large vessel and heat it


to about 60 °C.
4. The alcohol/catalyst mix is then charged into a
closed reaction vessel and the biolipid
(vegetable oil) is added. The system from here
on is totally closed to the atmosphere to prevent
the loss of alcohol.

5. Leave the vessel and let the different


constituents separate by Sedimentation.

6. After 8 to 24 hours the sedimentation is


complete and the glycerine can be drained off at
the bottom; what remains is biodiesel.
Biodiesel Samples
JATROPHA
The wonder oil bearing tree!

• Jatropha curcas belongs


to the family
Euphorbiaceae.

• Can grow almost


anywhere even on
gravelly, sandy and
saline soils.
J. fruits

J. seeds
Uses of Jatropha curcas
• Jatropha oil as an alternative to diesel
• Jatropha: As a fence
• Jatropha oil: As raw material for
industrial use.
• Jatropha: Potential as medicinal plant .
• Jatropha- For enrichment of soil .

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