Inductance of 3-phase lines with unsymmetrical spacing

In this case , the flux linkages and inductance of each phase are not the same . A different inductance in each phase results in an unbalance circuit . This case can be overcome by exchanging the positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line so that each conductor occupies the original position of every other conductor over an equal distance . Such an exchange of conductor positions is called "transposition".

A complete transposition cycle is shown as : The flux linkages of ( a ) in position ( 1 ) , when ( b ) is in position ( 2 ) and ( c ) in position ( 3 ) , is :
a1 2 107 ln[I a ln(1 r ) + I b ln(1 D12 ) + I c ln(1 D 31 )]
1 a
D13 D12

wbt / m

c D23

The flux linkages of ( a ) in position ( 2 ) , when ( b ) is in position ( 3 ) and ( c ) in position ( 1 ) , is :

a2 2 107 ln[I a ln(1 r ) + I b ln(1 D 23 ) + I c ln(1 D12 )]
1 c D13 D12

wbt / m

b
D23

The flux linkages of ( a ) in position ( 3 ) , when ( b ) is in position ( 1 ) and ( c ) in position ( 2 ) , is :

a3 2 107 ln[I a ln(1 r ) + I b ln(1 D13 ) + I c ln(1 D 23 )]
1 b D13 D12

wbt / m

a D23

The average value of the flux linkages of ( a ) is :

a ( a1 a2 a3 ) 3

2 107 a ln[3 I a ln(1 r ) + I b ln(1 D12 D 23 D13 ) + I b ln(1 D12 D 23 D13 )] 3

Assume that a balance current :

I a (I b I c )

2 107 a ln[3 I a ln(1 r ) - I a ln(1 D12 D 23 D13 )] 3 2 107 = ln[3 I a ln(1 r ) - 3 I a ln(1 3 D12 D 23 D13 )] 3 = 2 107 I a ln( 3 D12 D 23 D13 r ) =2 107 I a ln( Deq . r )

And the average inductance per phase is :

L a 2 107 ln( Deq . r ) =0.4711 log( Deq . r ) mH / mile

However ,

L a L b Lc

are the same of equation for equal D12 D 23 D13 D spacing conductor

Double Circuit Three Phase Line

It is a common practice to build double circuit lines so as to increase transmission reliability at somewhat enhanced cost.

Less Dm (GMD) and More Ds (Self GMR)

Bundled conductors
The trend toward ever higher voltages for T.L has stimulated interest in the use of two or more conductors per phase. Such a line said to be composed of " bundled " conductors.

 Usually the spacing of conductors of a phase is about ( 10 ) times the diameter of one conductor. The advantages of bundling are reduced reactance because of increased self GMD and reduce voltage drop and voltage gradient which result in reduced radio interference.

For First Section of the transposition cycle

For Second Section

For Third Section

Effect of earth on the capacitance of 3phase transmission lines

Let us imagine conductor of the same size and shape as the

overhead conductor lying directly below the original conductor above the plane of the ground . If the earth is removed and a charge equal and opposite to that on the overhead conductor is assumed on the imagine conductor . The electric flux between the overhead conductor and this equipotential surface is the same as that which existed between the conductor and the earth .

Bundle conductor

Single Line Diagram and PU System

Per Unit Calculations

A key problem in analyzing power systems is the

large number of transformers.

It

would be very difficult to continually refer impedances to the different sides of the transformers

This problem is avoided by a normalization of all

variables. This normalization is known as per unit analysis.

actual quantity quantity in per unit base value of quantity

Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1f

1.

2.

3. 4. 5.

Pick a 1f VA base for the entire system, SB Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB. Voltage bases are related by transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to neutral. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB Convert actual values to per unit

Note, per unit conversion affects magnitudes, not the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)

Three Phase Per Unit

1.

Procedure is very similar to 1f except we use a 3f VA base, and use line to line voltage bases

3f Pick a 3f VA base for the entire system, SB 2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB. Voltages are line to line. 3. Calculate the impedance base

ZB

2 VB , LL 3f SB

( 3 VB , LN )2
f 3S 1 B

2 VB , LN

f S1 B

Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase!

Three Phase Per Unit, cont'd

4. Calculate the current base, IB
3f IB 3f f 1f SB 3 S1 S 1f B B IB 3 VB, LL 3 3 VB, LN VB , LN

Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!

5. Convert actual values to per unit